UNITED
STATES
SECURITIES
AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington,
D.C. 20549
____________________
FORM
10-K
(Mark
One)
|
þ
|
ANNUAL
REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT
OF 1934
|
For
the fiscal year ended December 31, 2008
or
o
|
TRANSITION
REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT
OF 1934
|
For
the transition period from
to
Commission
file number: 1-9813
GENENTECH,
INC.
(Exact
name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware
(State
or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
|
94-2347624
(I.R.S.
Employer Identification No.)
|
1
DNA Way, South San Francisco, California
(Address
of principal executive offices)
|
94080
(Zip
Code)
|
(650) 225-1000
(Registrant’s
telephone number, including area code)
Securities
registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each Class
|
Name of Each Exchange on Which
Registered
|
Common
Stock, $0.02 par value
|
New
York Stock Exchange
|
Securities
registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
None
(Title
of class)
Indicate
by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in
Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes þ No o
Indicate
by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to
Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes o No þ
Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to
be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the
registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to
such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No o
Indicate
by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of
Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the
best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements
incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any
amendment to this Form 10-K. o
Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an
accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See
definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller
reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large
accelerated filer þ
|
Accelerated
filer o
|
Non-accelerated
filer o
|
Smaller
reporting company o
|
Indicate
by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule
12b-2 of the Act). Yes o No þ
The
aggregate market value of Common Stock held by non-affiliates as of June 30,
2008 was $35,103,983,241.(A) All
executive officers and directors of the registrant and Roche Holdings, Inc. have
been deemed, solely for the purpose of the foregoing calculation, to be
“affiliates” of the registrant.
Number
of shares of Common Stock outstanding as of February 6,
2009: 1,053,413,655
Documents
incorporated by reference:
Portions
of the Definitive Proxy Statement with respect to the 2009 Annual
Meeting of Stockholders to be filed by Genentech, Inc. with the Securities
and Exchange Commission (hereinafter referred to as “Proxy
Statement”)
|
Part III
|
________________________
(A)
|
Excludes
587,253,150 shares of Common Stock held by directors and executive
officers of Genentech and Roche Holdings,
Inc.
|
GENENTECH,
INC.
2008
Form 10-K Annual Report
Table
of Contents
Page
|
PART
I
|
Item 1
|
Business
|
1
|
|
Overview
|
1
|
|
Marketed Products
|
1
|
|
Licensed Products
|
2
|
|
Products in Development
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3
|
|
Related Party Arrangements
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6
|
|
Distribution and
Commercialization
|
6
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Manufacturing and Raw
Materials
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7
|
|
Proprietary Technology—Patents and Trade
Secrets
|
7
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|
Competition
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9
|
|
Government Regulation
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9
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|
Research and Development
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10
|
|
Human Resources
|
10
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|
Environment
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10
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Available Information
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11
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Item 1A
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Risk Factors
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11
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Item 1B
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Unresolved Staff Comments
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25
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Item 2
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Properties
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25
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Item 3
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Legal Proceedings
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26
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Item 4
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Submission of Matters to a
Vote of Security Holders
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29
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Executive Officers of
the Company
|
30
|
|
PART
II
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Item 5
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Market for the
Registrant’s
Common Equity,
Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity
Securities
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32
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Item 6
|
Selected
Financial
Data
|
34
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Item 7
|
Management’s Discussion and
Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations
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35
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Item 7A
|
Quantitative and Qualitative
Disclosures About Market Risk
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72
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Item 8
|
Financial Statements and
Supplementary Data
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74
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Item 9
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Changes in and
Disagreements with Accountants on
Accounting and Financial
Disclosure
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117
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Item 9A
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Controls and Procedures
|
117
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Item 9B
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Other Information
|
119
|
|
PART
III
|
Item 10
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Directors, Executive Officers
and Corporate Governance
|
120
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Item 11
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Executive Compensation
|
120
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Item 12
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Security Ownership of
Certain Beneficial Owners and
Management and Related Stockholder
Matters
|
120
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Item 13
|
Certain Relationships and
Related Transactions, and Director
Independence
|
120
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Item 14
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Principal Accountant
Fees and Services
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120
|
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PART
IV
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Item 15
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Exhibits and Financial Statement
Schedules
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121
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Exhibit
23.1
|
|
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Exhibit
31.1
|
|
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Exhibit
31.2
|
|
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Exhibit
32.1
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SIGNATURES
|
125
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In
this report, “Genentech,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Genentech,
Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. “Common Stock” refers to Genentech’s
Common Stock, par value $0.02 per share; “Special Common Stock” refers to
Genentech’s callable putable common stock, par value $0.02 per share, all of
which was redeemed by Roche Holdings, Inc. (RHI) on June 30, 1999.
We
own or have rights to various copyrights, trademarks, and trade names used in
our business, including the following: Activase®
(alteplase, recombinant) tissue-plasminogen activator; Avastin®
(bevacizumab) anti-VEGF antibody; Cathflo®
Activase®
(alteplase for catheter clearance); Genentech®;
Herceptin®
(trastuzumab) anti-HER2 antibody; Lucentis®
(ranibizumab) anti-VEGF antibody fragment; Nutropin®
(somatropin [rDNA origin] for injection) growth hormone; Nutropin AQ® and
Nutropin AQ Pen®
(somatropin [rDNA origin] for injection) liquid formulation growth hormone;
Pulmozyme® (dornase
alfa, recombinant) inhalation solution; Raptiva®
(efalizumab) anti-CD11a antibody; and TNKase®
(tenecteplase) single-bolus thrombolytic agent. Rituxan®
(rituximab) anti-CD20 antibody is a registered trademark of Biogen Idec Inc.;
Tarceva®
(erlotinib) is a registered trademark of OSI Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; and
Xolair®
(omalizumab) anti-IgE antibody is a registered trademark of Novartis AG. This
report also includes other trademarks, service marks, and trade names of other
companies.
PART
I
Overview
Genentech
is a leading biotechnology company that discovers, develops, manufactures, and
commercializes medicines for patients with significant unmet medical needs. A
number of the currently approved biotechnology products originated from or are
based on Genentech science. We commercialize multiple biotechnology products and
also receive royalties from companies that are licensed to market products based
on our technology. See “Marketed Products” and “Licensed Products” below.
Genentech was organized in 1976 as a California corporation and was
reincorporated in Delaware in 1987.
Marketed
Products
We
commercialize the pharmaceutical products listed below in the United States
(U.S.):
Avastin (bevacizumab) is an
anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) humanized antibody approved for
use in combination with intravenous 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy as a
treatment for patients with first- or second-line metastatic cancer of the colon
or rectum. It is also approved for use in combination with carboplatin and
paclitaxel chemotherapy for the first-line treatment of unresectable, locally
advanced, recurrent or metastatic non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer
(NSCLC). On February 22, 2008, we received accelerated approval from the
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to market Avastin in combination with
paclitaxel chemotherapy for the treatment of patients who have not received
prior chemotherapy for metastatic human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
(HER2)-negative breast cancer (BC).
Rituxan (rituximab) is an
anti-CD20 antibody that we commercialize with Biogen Idec Inc. It is approved
for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory, low-grade or
follicular, CD20-positive, B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) as a single
agent. Rituxan is also approved for patients with previously untreated
follicular, CD20-positive, B-cell NHL in combination with cyclophosphamide,
vincristine, and prednisone (CVP) chemotherapy. Rituxan is indicated for
patients with non-progressing (including stable disease), low-grade,
CD20-positive, B-cell NHL, as a single agent, after first-line CVP chemotherapy.
Rituxan is also indicated for patients with previously untreated diffuse large
B-cell, CD20-positive NHL in combination with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin,
vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) or other anthracycline-based
chemotherapy regimens. Rituxan is also indicated for use in combination with
methotrexate to reduce signs and symptoms and slow the progression of structural
damage in adult patients with moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who
have had an inadequate response to one or more tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
antagonist therapies.
Herceptin (trastuzumab) is a
humanized anti-HER2 antibody approved for treatment of patients with
node-positive or node-negative early-stage BC, whose tumors overexpress the HER2
protein, as part of an adjuvant treatment regimen containing 1) doxorubicin,
cyclophosphamide, and either paclitaxel or docetaxel or 2) docetaxel and
carboplatin, and as a single agent following multi-modality anthracycline-based
adjuvant therapy. It is also approved for use as a first-line metastatic BC
therapy in combination with paclitaxel and as a single agent in patients who
have received one or more chemotherapy regimens for metastatic
disease.
Lucentis (ranibizumab) is an
anti-VEGF antibody fragment approved for the treatment of neovascular (wet)
age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
Xolair (omalizumab) is a
humanized anti-IgE (immunoglobulin E) antibody that we commercialize with
Novartis Pharma AG. Xolair is approved for adults and adolescents (age 12 or
older) with moderate-to-severe persistent asthma who have a positive skin test
or in vitro reactivity to a perennial aeroallergen and whose symptoms are
inadequately controlled with inhaled corticosteroids.
Tarceva (erlotinib), which we
commercialize with OSI Pharmaceuticals, Inc., is a small-molecule tyrosine
kinase inhibitor of the HER1/epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway.
Tarceva is approved for the treatment of patients with locally advanced or
metastatic NSCLC after failure of at least one prior chemotherapy regimen. It is
also approved, in combination with gemcitabine chemotherapy, for the
first-line treatment of patients with locally advanced, unresectable, or
metastatic pancreatic cancer.
Nutropin (somatropin [rDNA
origin] for injection) and Nutropin AQ are growth
hormone products approved for the treatment of growth hormone deficiency in
children and adults, growth failure associated with chronic renal insufficiency
prior to kidney transplantation, short stature associated with Turner syndrome,
and long-term treatment of idiopathic short stature.
Activase (alteplase) is a
tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA) approved for the treatment of acute
myocardial infarction (heart attack), acute ischemic stroke (blood clots in the
brain) within three hours of the onset of symptoms, and acute massive pulmonary
embolism (blood clots in the lungs).
TNKase (tenecteplase) is a
modified form of t-PA approved for the treatment of acute myocardial
infarction.
Cathflo Activase (alteplase,
recombinant) is a t-PA approved in adult and pediatric patients for the
restoration of function to central venous access devices that have become
occluded due to a blood clot.
Pulmozyme (dornase alfa,
recombinant) is an inhalation solution of deoxyribonuclease I, approved for the
treatment of cystic fibrosis.
Raptiva (efalizumab) is a
humanized anti-CD11a antibody approved for the treatment of chronic
moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis in adults age 18 or older who are candidates
for systemic therapy or phototherapy.
Licensed
Products
Royalty
Revenue
The
majority of our royalty revenue is derived from sales of our products outside of
the U.S., and the majority of these product sales are made by our related
parties, Roche Holding AG and affiliates (Roche) and Novartis Pharma AG and
affiliates (Novartis). These licensed products are sometimes sold under
different trademarks or trade names. Royalty revenue from our related parties
represented 71% of our total royalty revenue in 2008, and resulted from the
sales of our licensed products that are presented in the following
table:
|
|
|
|
Trastuzumab
|
Herceptin
|
Roche
|
Worldwide
excluding U.S.
|
Rituximab
|
Rituxan/MabThera®
|
Roche
|
Worldwide
excluding U.S. and Japan
|
Bevacizumab
|
Avastin
|
Roche
|
Worldwide
excluding U.S.
|
Dornase
alfa, recombinant
|
Pulmozyme
|
Roche
|
Worldwide
excluding U.S.
|
Alteplase
and Tenecteplase
|
Activase
and TNKase
|
Roche
|
Canada
|
Somatropin
|
Nutropin
|
Roche
|
Canada
|
Daclizumab
|
Zenapax®
|
Roche
|
Worldwide
excluding U.S.
|
Ranibizumab
|
Lucentis
|
Novartis
|
Worldwide
excluding U.S.
|
Omalizumab
|
Xolair
|
Novartis
|
Worldwide
excluding U.S.(1)
|
________________________
(1)
|
These
royalties are earned as a result of our 2007 acquisition of Tanox,
Inc.
|
Our
remaining royalty revenue is derived from license agreements with companies that
sell and/or manufacture products based on technology developed by us, or
intellectual property to which we have rights. In 2008, approximately 40% of
this remaining royalty revenue related to the Cabilly patent. See Item 3, “Legal
Proceedings,” below for information regarding certain Cabilly
patent-related legal matters, including the status of the Cabilly patent
reexamination and the Centocor, Inc. (a wholly-owned subsidiary of Johnson
& Johnson) litigation.
Products
in Development
Our
product development efforts, including those of our collaborators, cover a wide
range of medical conditions, including cancer and immune diseases. Below is a
summary of products and current stages of development. For additional
information on our development pipeline, visit our website at www.gene.com.
|
|
Awaiting
FDA Action
|
|
Avastin
|
A
Supplemental Biologic License Application (sBLA) was submitted to the FDA
on September 30, 2008 for the use of Avastin in combination with
Interferon alpha-2a for the treatment of patients with advanced renal cell
carcinoma. This product is being developed in collaboration with Roche.
The FDA action date is August 1, 2009.
|
Avastin
|
An
sBLA was submitted to the FDA on October 31, 2008 for the use of Avastin
as a single agent in previously treated patients with
glioblastoma. This product is being developed in collaboration with
Roche. The FDA action date is May 5, 2009.
|
Rituxan
|
An
sBLA was submitted to the FDA on September 15, 2008 for the treatment of
patients with moderate-to-severe active RA who have had an inadequate
response to disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs). This product
is being developed in collaboration with Roche and Biogen Idec. The FDA
action date is July 17, 2009.
|
Xolair
|
An
sBLA was submitted for pediatric patients (aged 6-12) with asthma on
December 5, 2008. This product is being developed in collaboration with
Novartis. The FDA action date is October 8, 2009.
|
Preparing
for Filing
|
|
Avastin
|
We
are preparing to submit two additional studies (AVADO and RIBBON I) to the
FDA for the first-line treatment of metastatic HER2-negative BC. The
filings, expected by June 30, 2009, are required as part of the
accelerated approval that we received from the FDA on February 22, 2008.
This product is being developed in collaboration with
Roche.
|
Tarceva
|
OSI
Pharmaceuticals, in collaboration with Genentech and Roche, is preparing
to submit a supplemental New Drug Application (sNDA) to the FDA for the
use of Tarceva in first-line maintenance therapy for advanced NSCLC
following initial treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy. This product
is being developed in collaboration with OSI Pharmaceuticals and Roche. We
expect to submit the sNDA in the first half of 2009.
|
Rituxan
|
We
are in discussions with the FDA regarding the submission requirements for
potential sBLAs for the use of Rituxan in combination with fludarabine and
cyclophosphamide chemotherapy in frontline and relapsed CD20-positive
chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). This product is being developed in
collaboration with Roche and Biogen
Idec.
|
Phase
III
|
|
Ocrelizumab
(2nd Generation anti-CD20)
|
Ocrelizumab
is being evaluated in RA and for lupus nephritis. This product is being
developed in collaboration with Roche and Biogen Idec(1).
|
Avastin
|
Avastin
is being evaluated in adjuvant colon cancer, diffuse large B-cell
lymphoma, first-line advanced gastric cancer, adjuvant HER2-negative BC,
adjuvant lung cancer, first-line ovarian cancer, and hormone refractory
prostate cancer in collaboration with Roche.
Avastin
is also being evaluated in gastrointestinal stromal tumors, high-risk
carcinoid cancer, second-line HER2-negative metastatic BC in combination
with several chemotherapy regimens, first-line metastatic BC in
combination with endocrine therapy, and platinum-sensitive relapsed
ovarian cancer.
|
Herceptin
+/- Avastin
|
The
combination of Avastin and Herceptin is being evaluated in first-line
metastatic and adjuvant HER2-positive BC. These products are being
developed in collaboration with Roche.
|
Avastin
+/- Tarceva
|
We
announced that a Phase III study evaluating Tarceva in combination with
Avastin as maintenance therapy following initial treatment with Avastin
plus chemotherapy in advanced NSCLC met its primary endpoint of
progression-free survival, and was stopped early on the recommendation of
an independent data safety monitoring board after a pre-planned interim
analysis. We are evaluating the submission requirements for a potential
sNDA for the use of Avastin and Tarceva as combination therapy in
first-line NSCLC maintenance. This study was conducted in collaboration
with Roche.
|
Herceptin
|
Herceptin
is being evaluated for the treatment of patients with early-stage
HER2-positive BC to compare one year duration of treatment with two years
duration of treatment. This product is being developed in collaboration
with Roche.
|
Herceptin
+/- Pertuzumab
|
Pertuzumab
is being evaluated in first-line HER2-positive metastatic BC in
combination with Herceptin and chemotherapy. This product is being
developed in collaboration with Roche.
|
Rituxan
|
Rituxan
is being evaluated in follicular NHL patients who achieve a response
following induction with chemotherapy plus Rituxan. This product is being
developed in collaboration with Roche and Biogen Idec.
|
Rituxan
|
Rituxan
is being evaluated for the first-line treatment of patients with
moderate-to-severe active RA in collaboration with Roche and Biogen Idec.
Rituxan is also being evaluated in lupus nephritis and ANCA-associated
vasculitis in collaboration with Biogen Idec.
|
Tarceva
|
Tarceva
is being evaluated in adjuvant NSCLC. This product is being developed in
collaboration with OSI Pharmaceuticals and Roche.
|
TNKase
|
TNKase
is being evaluated in the treatment of dysfunctional hemodialysis and
central venous access catheters.
|
Xolair
|
A
liquid formulation of Xolair is being evaluated for adult asthma. Xolair
is also being evaluated in patients with asthma that is not controlled
with high-dose inhaled corticosteroids and long–acting beta-agonists.
Xolair is being developed in collaboration with
Novartis.
|
Lucentis
|
Lucentis
is being evaluated in the treatment of diabetic macular edema in
collaboration with Novartis Ophthalmics. Lucentis is also being evaluated
in the treatment of retinal vein
occlusion.
|
Preparing
for Phase III
|
|
Avastin
|
We
are preparing for Phase III clinical trials in first-line glioblastoma
multiforme. This product is being developed in collaboration with
Roche.
|
Trastuzumab-DM1
|
We
are preparing for Phase III clinical trials in second-line HER2-positive
metastatic BC. This product is being developed in collaboration with
Roche.
|
Phase
II
|
|
Ocrelizumab
|
Ocrelizumab
is being evaluated in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. This product
is being developed in collaboration with Roche and Biogen Idec(1).
|
GA101
|
GA101
is being evaluated in hematologic malignancies (relapsed and refractory
NHL and CLL). This product is being developed in collaboration with Roche
and Biogen Idec.
|
Apo2L/TRAIL
|
Apo2L/TRAIL
is being evaluated in first-line metastatic NSCLC in combination with
chemotherapy and Avastin and in indolent relapsed NHL in combination with
Rituxan. This product is being developed in collaboration with
Amgen.
|
Apomab
|
Apomab
is being evaluated in first-line metastatic NSCLC in combination with
chemotherapy and Avastin, and in indolent relapsed NHL in combination with
Rituxan.
|
Avastin
|
Avastin
is being evaluated in relapsed multiple myeloma, extensive small cell lung
cancer, non-squamous NSCLC with previously treated brain metastases, and
NSCLC with squamous cell histology. This product is being developed in
collaboration with Roche.
|
Pertuzumab
|
Pertuzumab
is being evaluated in ovarian cancer in combination with chemotherapy.
This product is being developed in collaboration with
Roche.
|
Trastuzumab-DM1
|
Trastuzumab-DM1
is being evaluated in first, second, and third-line HER2-positive
metastatic BC. This product is being developed in collaboration with
Roche.
|
ABT-869
|
ABT-869
is being evaluated for the treatment of several types of tumors. This
product is being developed in collaboration with Abbott
Laboratories.
|
GDC
0449 (Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitor)
|
GDC-0449
is being evaluated in first-line metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) in
combination with chemotherapy and Avastin, as a single agent in ovarian
cancer maintenance therapy, and as a single agent in advanced basal cell
carcinoma. This product is being developed in collaboration with Curis,
Inc. and Roche.
|
Dacetuzumab
(Anti-CD40)
|
Dacetuzumab
is being evaluated in combination with Rituxan plus chemotherapy for
patients with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. This
product is being developed in collaboration with Seattle Genetics,
Inc.
|
Anti-IL13
|
Anti-IL13
is being evaluated in patients with uncontrolled
asthma.
|
Preparing
for Phase II
|
|
GA101
|
We
are preparing for a Phase II clinical trial in Rituxan refractory indolent
NHL and in relapsed indolent NHL. This product is being developed in
collaboration with Roche and Biogen Idec.
|
MetMAb
|
We
are preparing for a Phase II clinical trial of MetMAb and Tarceva as
combination therapy in second- and third-line metastatic
NSCLC.
|
Xolair
|
We
are preparing for a Phase II clinical trial in chronic idiopathic
urticaria in collaboration with Novartis.
|
Pertuzumab
|
We
are preparing for a Phase II clinical trial in second-line metastatic
NSCLC in combination with Tarceva. This product is being developed in
collaboration with Roche.
|
rhuMAb
IFN alpha
|
We
are preparing for a Phase II clinical trial in systemic lupus
erythematosus.
|
Phase
I and Preparing for Phase I
|
We
have multiple new molecular entities in Phase I or preparing for Phase
I.
|
________________________
(1)
|
Our
collaborator Biogen Idec disagrees with certain of our development
decisions under our 2003 collaboration agreement. A hearing related to the
arbitration began on September 15, 2008 and the hearing was closed on
January 8, 2009. We expect to receive a ruling within six months of the
conclusion of the hearing, i.e., no later than July 2009. See Part I, Item
3, “Legal Proceedings,” of this Form 10-K for further
information.
|
Related
Party Arrangements
See
“Relationship with Roche” and “Related Party Transactions” below in Part II,
Item 7 of this Form 10-K for information on our collaboration arrangements with
Roche and Novartis.
Distribution
and Commercialization
We
have a U.S.-based marketing, sales and distribution organization. Our sales
efforts are focused on specialist physicians in private practice or at hospitals
and major medical centers in the U.S. In general, our products are sold largely
to wholesalers, specialty distributors or directly to hospital pharmacies and
specialist physicians in private practice. We utilize common pharmaceutical
company marketing techniques, including sales representatives calling on
individual physicians and distributors, advertisements, professional symposia,
direct mail, and public relations, as well as other methods.
Through
Genentech Access Solutions, we provide reimbursement support, patient assistance
programs and customer service programs related to our products. The Genentech
Access to Care Foundation provides free product to eligible uninsured patients
and those deemed uninsured due to payer denial in the U.S. The Genentech Access
to Care Foundation is a non-profit entity funded by Genentech, Inc. To further
support patient access to therapies for certain diseases, we donate to various
independent public charities that offer financial assistance, such as co-pay
assistance, to eligible patients. We also maintain a physician-related product
waste replacement program and an expired product program that, subject to
certain specific conditions, gives eligible customers the right to return
expired products to us for replacement or credit at 5% to 8% below their current
purchase prices.
In
February 2007, we launched the Avastin Patient Assistance Program, a voluntary
program that enables eligible patients who receive greater than 10,000
milligrams of Avastin over a 12-month period to receive free Avastin in excess
of the 10,000 milligrams during the remainder of the 12-month period. Based on
the current wholesale acquisition cost, 10,000 milligrams is valued at $55,000
in gross revenue. Eligible patients include those who are being treated for
an FDA-approved indication and who meet the household income criteria for this
program. The program is available for eligible patients who enroll regardless of
whether they are insured.
As
discussed in Note 14, “Segment, Significant Customer and Geographic
Information,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item
8 of this Form 10-K, our combined sales to three major wholesalers,
AmerisourceBergen Corporation, McKesson Corporation, and Cardinal Health, Inc.,
constituted 86% in 2008 and 2007, and 85% in 2006 of our total net U.S. product
sales. Also discussed in Note 14 are net U.S. product sales and net foreign
revenue in 2008, 2007, and 2006.
Manufacturing
and Raw Materials
We
manufacture biotherapeutic products and product candidates for commercial and
clinical purposes. Our production system includes manufacturing of bulk drug
substance, as well as formulation, filling and packaging of the drug product.
The bulk drug substance manufacturing process includes cell culture/fermentation
operations, during which cells are grown that express proteins which are
purified for use as therapeutic products. Formulation of the drug product
involves filtering and diluting proteins to obtain the appropriate
concentrations for human use. In the final processes, we fill vials or syringes
with the formulated proteins and package them for distribution.
Our
manufacturing network consists of three bulk manufacturing sites in California.
We expect FDA licensure of a bulk drug substance manufacturing site in Singapore
in 2010. Fill/finish activities take place in South San Francisco, California.
An additional fill/finish facility in Hillsboro, Oregon is planned for licensure
in 2010. For further information see also “Properties” in Part I, Item 2 of this
Form 10-K. In addition to our owned facilities, we also engage third party
contract manufacturers to produce or assist in the production of some of our
bulk and finished products, delivery devices and product candidates. Our
manufacturing partners operate facilities across North America, Europe, and
Asia. Our global supply of our drug products is significantly dependent on the
uninterrupted and efficient operation of these facilities.
Raw
materials and supplies required for the production of our principal products
are, in some instances, sourced from one supplier and, in other instances, from
multiple suppliers. In those cases for which raw materials are available through
only one supplier, that supplier may be either a sole source (the only
recognized supply source available to us) or a single source (the only approved
supply source for us among other sources). We have adopted policies that
attempt, to the extent feasible, to minimize raw material supply risks to us,
including maintenance of greater levels of raw materials inventory and
coordination with our collaborators to implement raw materials sourcing
strategies in quantities adequate to meet our needs. Due to the unique nature of
the production processes used to manufacture our products, certain raw
materials, drug delivery devices and components are the proprietary products of
single-source unaffiliated third-party suppliers. In some cases, such
proprietary products are specifically cited in our FDA drug application, which
limits our ability for substitution. We currently manage the risk associated
with such sole-sourced raw materials by active inventory management,
relationship management and alternate source development, where feasible. We
also monitor the financial condition of certain suppliers, their ability to
supply our needs, and the market conditions for these raw
materials.
We,
as well as our third party service providers, suppliers, and manufacturers are
subject to continuing inspection by the FDA or comparable agencies in other
jurisdictions. Any delay, interruption or other issues that arise in the
manufacture, formulation, filling, packaging, or storage of our products,
including as a result of a failure of our facilities or the facilities or
operations of third parties to pass any regulatory agency inspection, could
significantly impair our ability to sell our products.
We
believe that our existing manufacturing network of internal and external
facilities and suppliers will allow us to meet our near-term and mid-term
manufacturing needs for our current commercial products and our product
candidates in clinical trials. Our existing licensed manufacturing facilities
operate under multiple licenses from the FDA, regulatory authorities in the
European Union, and other regulatory authorities. However, additional
manufacturing facilities and outside sources may be required to meet our
long-term research, development and commercial production
needs.
For
additional risks associated with manufacturing and raw materials, see
“Difficulties or delays in product manufacturing or in obtaining materials from
our suppliers, or difficulties in accurately forecasting manufacturing capacity
needs, could harm our business and/or negatively affect our financial
performance” under “Risk Factors” below in Part I, Item 1A of this Form
10-K.
Proprietary
Technology—Patents and Trade Secrets
We
seek patents on inventions originating from our ongoing research and development
(R&D) activities. We have been issued patents and have patent applications
pending that are related to a number of current and potential
products,
including products licensed to others. Patents, issued or applied for, cover
inventions ranging from basic recombinant DNA techniques to processes related to
specific products and to the products themselves. Our issued patents extend for
varying periods according to the date of patent application filing or grant and
the legal term of patents in the various countries where patent protection is
obtained. The actual protection afforded by a patent, which can vary from
country to country, depends on the type of patent, the scope of its coverage as
determined by the patent office or courts in the country, and the availability
of legal remedies in the country. We consider that in the aggregate our patent
applications, patents and licenses under patents owned by third parties are of
material importance to our operations. For our five highest selling products, we
have identified in the following table the latest-to-expire U.S. patents that
are owned or controlled by or exclusively licensed to Genentech having claims
directed to product-specific compositions of matter (such as nucleic acids,
proteins, and protein-producing host cells). This table does not identify all
patents that may be related to these products. For example, in addition to the
listed patents, we have patents on platform technologies (that relate to certain
general classes of products or methods), as well as patents on methods of using
or administering many of our products, that may confer additional patent
protection. We also have pending patent applications that may give rise to new
patents related to one or more of these products.
|
Latest-to-Expire
Product-Specific U.S. Patent(s)
|
|
Avastin
|
6,884,879
7,169,901
|
2017
2019
|
Rituxan
|
5,677,180
5,736,137
7,381,560
|
2014
2015
2016
|
Herceptin
|
6,339,142
6,407,213
7,074,404
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2019
2019
2019
|
Lucentis
|
6,884,879
7,169,901
|
2017
2019
|
Xolair
|
6,329,509
|
2018
|
The
information in the above table is based on our current assessment of patents
that we own or control or have exclusively licensed. The information is subject
to revision, for example, in the event of changes in the law or legal rulings
affecting our patents or if we become aware of new information. Significant
legal issues remain unresolved as to the extent and scope of available patent
protection for biotechnology products and processes in the U.S. and other
important markets outside the U.S. We expect that litigation will likely be
necessary to determine the term, validity, enforceability, and/or scope of
certain of our patents and other proprietary rights. An adverse decision or
ruling with respect to one or more of our patents could result in the loss of
patent protection for a product and, in turn, the introduction of competitor
products or follow-on biologics to the market earlier than anticipated, and
could force us to either obtain third-party licenses at a material cost or cease
using a technology or commercializing a product. We are currently involved in a
number of legal proceedings involving our patents and those of others. These
proceedings may result in a significant commitment of our resources in the
future and, depending on their outcome, may adversely affect the term, validity,
enforceability, and/or scope of certain of our patent or other proprietary
rights (such as the Cabilly patent discussed in Item 3, “Legal Proceedings”),
and may cause us to incur a material loss of royalties, other revenue, and/or
market exclusivity for one or more of our products. The patents that we obtain
or the unpatented proprietary technology that we hold may not afford us
significant commercial protection.
We
have obtained licenses from various parties that we deem to be necessary or
desirable for the manufacture, use, or sale of our products. These licenses
(both exclusive and non-exclusive) generally require us to pay royalties to the
parties on product sales. In conjunction with these licenses, disputes sometimes
arise regarding whether royalties are owed on certain product sales or the
amount of royalties that are owed. The resolution of such disputes may cause us
to incur significant additional royalty expenses or other
expenses.
Our
trademarks—Activase, Avastin, Cathflo, Genentech, Herceptin, Lucentis, Nutropin,
Nutropin AQ, Nutropin AQ Pen, Pulmozyme, Raptiva, Rituxan (licensed from Biogen
Idec), TNKase, Xolair (licensed from Novartis), and Tarceva (licensed from
OSI Pharmaceuticals)—in the aggregate are of material importance. All of
our trademarks are covered by registrations or pending applications for
registration in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (Patent Office) and in
other countries. Trademark protection continues in some countries for as long as
the mark is used and, in other countries, for as long as it is registered.
Registrations generally are for fixed, but renewable, terms.
Our
royalty revenue for patent licenses, know-how, and other related rights amounted
to $2,539 million in 2008, $1,984 million in 2007, and $1,354 million in 2006.
Royalty expenses were $753 million in 2008, $712 million in 2007, and $568
million in 2006.
Competition
We
face competition from pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology
companies. The introduction of new competitive products, including
follow-on biologics, new safety or efficacy information about existing products,
pricing decisions by us or our competitors, the rate of market penetration by
competitors’ products, and/or development and use of alternate therapies may
result in lost market share for us, reduced utilization of our products, lower
prices, and/or reduced product sales, even for products protected by patents.
For risks associated with competition, see “We face competition” under “Risk
Factors” below in Part I, Item 1A of this Form 10-K.
Government
Regulation
Regulation
by governmental authorities in the U.S. and other countries is a significant
factor in the manufacture and marketing of our products and in ongoing research
and product development activities. All of our products require regulatory
approval by governmental agencies prior to commercialization. Our products are
subject to rigorous preclinical and clinical testing and other premarket
approval requirements by the FDA and regulatory authorities in other countries.
Various statutes and regulations also govern or influence the manufacturing,
safety, labeling, storage, record keeping, and marketing of such products. The
lengthy process of seeking these approvals, and the subsequent compliance with
applicable statutes and regulations, require the expenditure of substantial
resources.
The
activities that are required before a pharmaceutical product may be marketed in
the U.S. begin with preclinical testing. Preclinical tests include laboratory
evaluation of product chemistry and required animal studies to assess the
potential safety and efficacy of the product and its formulations. The results
of these studies must be submitted to the FDA as part of an Investigational New
Drug Application, which must be reviewed by the FDA before proposed clinical
testing in humans can begin. Typically, clinical testing involves a three-phase
process. In Phase I, clinical trials are conducted with a small number of
subjects to determine the early safety profile and the pattern of drug
distribution and metabolism. In Phase II, clinical trials are conducted with
groups of patients afflicted with a specific disease in order to provide enough
data to evaluate the preliminary efficacy, optimal dosages, and expanded
evidence of safety. In Phase III, large-scale, multi-center clinical trials are
conducted with patients afflicted with a target disease in order to provide
enough data to statistically evaluate the efficacy and safety of the product, as
required by the FDA. The results of the preclinical and clinical testing of a
pharmaceutical product are then submitted to the FDA in the form of a New Drug
Application (NDA), or a Biologic License Application (BLA), for approval to
commence commercial sales. In responding to an NDA or a BLA, the FDA may grant
marketing approval, grant conditional approval (such as an accelerated
approval), request additional information, or deny the application if the FDA
determines that the application does not provide an adequate basis for approval.
Most R&D projects fail to produce data sufficiently compelling to enable
progression through all of the stages of development and to obtain FDA approval
for commercial sale. See also “The successful development of pharmaceutical
products is highly uncertain and requires significant expenditures and time”
under “Risk Factors” below in Part I, Item 1A of this Form 10-K.
Among
the conditions for an NDA or a BLA approval is the requirement that the
prospective manufacturer’s quality control and manufacturing procedures conform
on an ongoing basis with current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP). Before
approval of a BLA, the FDA will usually perform a preapproval inspection of the
facility to determine its compliance with cGMP and other rules and regulations.
Manufacturers must expend time, money and
effort
in the area of production and quality control to ensure full compliance with
cGMP. After a facility is licensed for the manufacture of any product,
manufacturers are subject to periodic inspections by the FDA.
We
are also subject to various laws and regulations related to safe working
conditions, clinical, laboratory and manufacturing practices, the experimental
use of animals and the use and disposal of hazardous or potentially hazardous
substances, including radioactive compounds and infectious disease agents, used
in connection with our research.
Our
revenue and profitability may be affected by the continuing efforts of
government and third-party payers to contain or reduce the costs of healthcare
through various means. For example, in certain foreign markets, pricing or
profitability of pharmaceutical products is subject to governmental control. In
the U.S. there have been, and we expect that there will continue to be, a number
of federal and state proposals to implement similar governmental
control.
In
addition, in the U.S. and elsewhere, sales of pharmaceutical products are
dependent in part on the availability of reimbursement to the physician or
consumer from third-party payers, such as the government or private insurance
plans. Government and private third-party payers are increasingly challenging
the prices charged for medical products and services, through class-action
litigation and otherwise. New regulations related to hospital and physician
payment continue to be implemented annually. To date, we have not seen any
material effects of the new rules on our product sales. See also “Decreases in
third-party reimbursement rates may affect our product sales, results of
operations and financial condition” under “Risk Factors” below in Part I, Item
1A of this Form 10-K.
We
are also subject to various federal and state laws pertaining to healthcare
fraud and abuse, including anti-kickback laws and false claims laws. For risks
associated with healthcare fraud and abuse, see “If there is an adverse outcome
in our pending litigation or other legal actions, our business may be harmed”
under “Risk Factors” below in Part I, Item 1A of this Form 10-K.
Research
and Development
A
significant portion of our operating expenses is related to R&D. Generally,
R&D expenses consist of the costs of our own independent R&D efforts and
the costs associated with collaborative R&D and in-licensing arrangements.
R&D costs, including up-front fees and milestone payments paid to
collaborators, are expensed as incurred. Costs associated with in-licensing
arrangements are expensed as incurred if the underlying technology and/or
intellectual property rights acquired are determined to not have an alternative
future use. R&D expenses, excluding any acquisition-related in-process
research and development charges, were $2,800 million in 2008, $2,446 million in
2007, and $1,773 million in 2006. We also receive reimbursements from certain
collaborators on some of our R&D expenditures, depending on the mix of
spending between us and our collaborators. These R&D expense reimbursements
are primarily included in contract revenue, and were $227 million in 2008, $196
million in 2007, and $185 million in 2006.
We
intend to maintain our strong commitment to R&D. Biotechnology products
generally take 10 to 15 years to research, develop, and bring to market in the
U.S. As discussed above, clinical development typically involves three phases of
study: Phase I, II, and III. The most significant costs associated with clinical
development are Phase III trials, as they tend to be the longest and largest
studies conducted during the drug development process. Product completion
timelines and costs vary significantly by product and are difficult to
predict.
Human
Resources
As
of December 31, 2008, we had 11,186 employees.
Environment
We
have made, and will continue to make, expenditures for environmental compliance
and protection. Expenditures for compliance with environmental laws and
regulations have not had, and are not expected to have, a material effect on our
capital expenditures, results of operations, or competitive
position.
Available
Information
The
following information can be found on our website at www.gene.com or can be
obtained free of charge by contacting our Investor Relations Department at (650)
225-4150 or by sending an e-mail message to
investor.relations@gene.com:
Ÿ
|
Our
annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current
reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports, as soon as is
reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with
the U.S. Securities and Exchange
Commission;
|
Ÿ
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Our
policies related to corporate governance, including our Principles of
Corporate Governance, Good Operating Principles, and Code of Ethics, which
apply to our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and senior
financial officials; and
|
Ÿ
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The
charters of the Audit Committee and the Compensation Committee of our
Board of Directors.
|
This
Form 10-K contains forward-looking information based on our current
expectations. Because our actual results may differ materially from any
forward-looking statements that we make or that are made on our behalf, this
section includes a discussion of important factors that could affect our actual
future results, including, but not limited to, our product sales, royalties,
contract revenue, expenses, net income, and earnings per share.
The
successful development of pharmaceutical products is highly uncertain and
requires significant expenditures and time.
Successful
development of pharmaceutical products is highly uncertain. Products that appear
promising in research or development may be delayed or fail to reach later
stages of development or the market for several reasons, including:
Ÿ
|
Preclinical
tests may show the product to be toxic or lack efficacy in animal
models.
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Clinical
trial results may show the product to be less effective than desired or to
have harmful or problematic side
effects.
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Failure
to receive the necessary U.S. and international regulatory approvals or a
delay in receiving such approvals. Among other things, such delays may be
caused by slow enrollment in clinical studies; extended length of time to
achieve study endpoints; additional time requirements for data analysis or
BLA or NDA preparation; discussions with the FDA; FDA requests for
additional preclinical or clinical data; FDA delays due to staffing or
resource limitations at the agency; analyses of or changes to study
design; or unexpected safety, efficacy, or manufacturing
issues.
|
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Difficulties
in formulating the product, scaling the manufacturing process, or getting
approval for manufacturing.
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Manufacturing
costs, pricing, reimbursement issues, or other factors may make the
product uneconomical to
commercialize.
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The
proprietary rights of others and their competing products and technologies
may prevent the product from being developed or
commercialized.
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The
contractual or intellectual property rights of our collaborators or others
may prevent the product from being developed or
commercialized.
|
Success
in preclinical and early clinical trials does not ensure that large-scale
clinical trials will be successful. Clinical results are frequently susceptible
to varying interpretations that may delay, limit, or prevent regulatory
approvals. The length of time necessary to complete clinical trials and to
submit an application for marketing approval for a final decision by a
regulatory authority varies significantly and may be difficult to predict. If
our large-scale clinical trials for a product are not successful, we will not
recover our substantial investments in that product.
Factors
affecting our R&D productivity and the amount of our R&D expenses
include, but are not limited to:
Ÿ
|
The
number and outcome of clinical trials currently being conducted by us
and/or our collaborators. For example, our R&D expenses may increase
based on the number of late-stage clinical trials being conducted by us
and/or our collaborators.
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Ÿ
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The
number of products entering into development from late-stage research. For
example, there is no guarantee that internal research efforts will succeed
in generating a sufficient number of product candidates ready to move into
development or that product candidates will be available for in-licensing
on terms acceptable to us and permitted under anti-trust
laws.
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Decisions
by Roche whether to exercise its options to develop and sell our future
products in non-U.S. markets, and the timing and amount of any related
development cost reimbursements.
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Our
ability to in-license projects of interest to us, and the timing and
amount of related development funding or milestone payments for such
licenses. For example, we may enter into agreements requiring us to pay a
significant up-front fee for the purchase of in-process research and
development, which we may record as an R&D
expense.
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Ÿ
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Participation
in a number of collaborative R&D arrangements. In many of these
collaborations, our share of expenses recorded in our financial statements
is subject to volatility based on our collaborators’ spending activities,
as well as the mix and timing of activities between the
parties.
|
Ÿ
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Charges
incurred in connection with expanding our product manufacturing
capabilities, as described below in “Difficulties or delays in product
manufacturing or in obtaining materials from our suppliers, or
difficulties in accurately forecasting manufacturing capacity needs, could
harm our business and/or negatively affect our financial
performance.”
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Ÿ
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Future
levels of revenue.
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Ÿ
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Our
ability to supply product for use in clinical
trials.
|
We
face competition.
We
face competition from pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology
companies.
The
introduction of new competitive products or follow-on biologics, new safety or
efficacy information about or new indications for existing products, pricing
decisions by us or our competitors, the rate of market penetration by
competitors’ products, and/or development and use of alternate therapies may
result in lost market share for us; reduced utilization of our products; lower
prices; and/or reduced product sales, even for products protected by
patents.
Avastin: Avastin
competes in metastatic CRC with Erbitux®
(ImClone Systems Inc. (a wholly-owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and
Company)/Bristol-Myers Squibb/Merck KGaA), which is an epidermal growth factor
receptor (EGFR) inhibitor approved for the treatment of irinotecan refractory or
intolerant metastatic CRC patients; and with Vectibix™ (Amgen
Inc.), which is indicated for the treatment of patients with EGFR-expressing
metastatic CRC who have disease progression on or following fluoropyrimidine,
oxaliplatin, and irinotecan-containing regimens.
Avastin
could also face competition from Erbitux® in
metastatic NSCLC. At the 2008 annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical
Oncology (ASCO), ImClone and Bristol-Myers Squibb presented data from a Phase
III study of Erbitux® in
combination with vinorelbine plus cisplatin showing that the study met its
primary endpoint of increasing overall survival compared with chemotherapy
alone in patients with advanced NSCLC. ImClone and Bristol-Myers
Squibb submitted, then withdrew, and plan to eventually resubmit, an sBLA
for U.S. approval with the FDA for advanced NSCLC. Merck KGaA has
filed a European application for Erbitux® in this
indication. Avastin also faces competition in advanced or metastatic NSCLC from
the chemotherapy Alimta® (Eli
Lilly), which received approval in the third quarter of 2008 for use in
first-line NSCLC in combination with cisplatin. The approval for Alimta® in first
line NSCLC is limited to use in patients with non-squamous histology. In NSCLC,
both Erbitux® and
Alimta® are
included in the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines and
compendia as first-line options. The Erbitux® listing
in the first-line setting is limited to combinations with cisplatin and
vinorelbine. Alimta® is
listed as an option for non-squamous patients in the first-line setting and as
maintenance therapy for patients previously having a response.
Other
potential Avastin competitors include Nexavar®
(sorafenib, Bayer Corporation/Onyx Pharmaceuticals, Inc.), Sutent®
(sunitinib malate, Pfizer Inc.), and Torisel® (Wyeth)
for the treatment of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (an unapproved
use of Avastin).
Avastin
could face competition from products in development that currently do not have
regulatory approval. Sanofi-Aventis is developing a vascular endothelial growth
factor (VEGF) inhibitor, VEGF-Trap, in multiple indications, including
metastatic CRC and metastatic NSCLC. Avastin could also face competition from
the VEGF receptor-2 inhibitor (IMC-1121b) under development by ImClone in
several indications, including BC. There
are also ongoing head-to-head clinical trials comparing both Sutent®
and AZD2171 (AstraZeneca) to Avastin. Likewise, Amgen is conducting
head-to-head clinical trials comparing AMG 706 to Avastin in NSCLC and
metastatic BC, and Pfizer is conducting a head-to-head trial comparing
Sutent® to
Avastin in BC. Antisoma’s vascular disrupting agent, ASA404, has an ongoing
Phase III trial in first-line NSCLC (ATTRACT-1) and a planned Phase III trial in
second-line NSCLC (ATTRACT-2). Overall,
there are more than 65 molecules in clinical development that target VEGF
inhibition that, if successful in clinical trials, may compete with
Avastin.
Rituxan: Current
competitors for Rituxan in hematology-oncology include Bexxar®
(GlaxoSmithKline [GSK]) and Zevalin® (Cell
Therapeutics), both of which are radioimmunotherapies indicated for the
treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory low-grade, follicular, or
transformed B-cell NHL. Cell Therapeutics recently filed an sBLA based on data
from the Zevalin FIT trial, showing a benefit as consolidation therapy in
frontline follicular NHL. Bexxar has an ongoing study nearing completion that
may also expand its label to earlier settings in indolent NHL. Other potential
competitors include Campath® (Bayer
Corporation/Genzyme Corporation) in previously untreated and relapsed
CLL (an unapproved use of Rituxan); Velcade®
(Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.), which is indicated for multiple myeloma and
more recently mantle cell lymphoma (both unapproved uses of Rituxan);
Revlimid® (Celgene
Corporation), which is indicated for multiple myeloma and myelodysplastic
syndromes (both unapproved uses of Rituxan); and Treanda®
(Cephalon, Inc.), which is approved for CLL and was recently approved for the
treatment of indolent NHL patients who have progressed while on or shortly after
a Rituxan-containing regimen.
Current
competitors for Rituxan in RA include Enbrel®
(Amgen/Wyeth), Humira®
(Abbott), Remicade® (Johnson
& Johnson), Orencia®
(Bristol-Myers Squibb), and Kineret® (Amgen).
These products are approved for use in an RA patient population that is broader
than the population in which Rituxan is approved for use. In addition, molecules
in development that, if approved by the FDA, may compete with Rituxan in RA
include: Actemra™, an
anti-interleukin-6 receptor being developed by Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.
and Roche; Cimzia™
(certolizumab pegol), an anti-TNF antibody being developed by UCB S.A.; and CNTO
148 (golimumab), an anti-TNF antibody being developed by Centocor and
Schering-Plough Corporation.
Rituxan
may face future competition in both hematology-oncology and RA from Arzerra™
(ofatumumab), an anti-CD20 antibody being co-developed by Genmab A/S and
GSK. Genmab and GSK recently presented positive results from their
pivotal trial for CLL at the American Society of Hematology meeting. They
announced on January 30, 2009 that they filed for approval of Arzerra™ for
monotherapy use in refractory CLL. Additional ongoing studies include a
monotherapy trial for refractory indolent NHL. In addition, we are aware of
other anti-CD20 molecules in development that, if successful in clinical trials,
may compete with Rituxan. Finally, positive results were announced from a
pivotal trial for BiovaxID™ (BioVest
International, Inc.) for indolent NHL patients post front-line induction.
BioVest has announced plans to file for approval of BiovaxID™ in
indolent NHL in the U.S.
Herceptin: Herceptin
faces competition in the relapsed metastatic setting from Tykerb®
(lapatinib ditosylate) which is manufactured by GSK. Tykerb® is
approved in combination with capecitabine for the treatment of patients with
advanced or metastatic BC whose tumors overexpress HER2 and who have received
prior therapy, including an anthracycline, a taxane, and
Herceptin. Tykerb® is
currently being studied in adjuvant and multiple lines of metastatic
HER2-positive BC.
Lucentis: We are aware
that retinal specialists are currently using Avastin to treat the wet form of
AMD, an unapproved use for Avastin, which results in significantly less revenue
to us per treatment compared to Lucentis. As of January 1, 2008, we no longer
directly supply Avastin to compounding pharmacies. Ocular use of Avastin
continues, as physicians can purchase Avastin from authorized distributors and
have it shipped to the destination of the physicians’ choice. Additionally, an
independent head-to-head trial of Avastin and Lucentis in wet AMD is being
partially funded by the National Eye Institute, which announced that enrollment
had commenced in February 2008. Lucentis also competes with Macugen®
(Pfizer/OSI Pharmaceuticals), and with Visudyne®
(Novartis) alone, in combination with Lucentis, in combination with Avastin, or
in combination with off-label steroids in wet AMD. In addition, VEGF-Trap-Eye, a
vascular endothelial growth factor blocker being developed by Bayer and
Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., is in Phase III clinical trials for the
treatment of wet AMD.
Xolair: Xolair faces
competition from other asthma therapies, including inhaled corticosteroids,
long-acting beta agonists, combination products such as fixed-dose inhaled
corticosteroids/long-acting beta agonists and leukotriene inhibitors, as well as
oral corticosteroids and immunotherapy.
Tarceva: Tarceva
competes with the chemotherapy agents Taxotere®
(Sanofi-Aventis) and Alimta® (Eli
Lilly) both of which are indicated for the treatment of relapsed NSCLC. Tarceva
may face future competition in relapsed NSCLC from Zactima™
(AstraZeneca), Erbitux®
(Bristol-Myers Squibb/ImClone), ASA404 (Novartis/Antisoma), and from a potential
re-filing of Iressa®
(AstraZeneca) in the U.S. Alimta® received
approval in the third quarter of 2008 for first-line treatment of locally
advanced and metastatic NSCLC, for patients with non-squamous histology. Eli
Lilly has filed with the FDA for U.S. approval of Alimta® in
first-line maintenance NSCLC. ImClone and Bristol-Myers Squibb have filed with
the FDA for U.S. approval of Erbitux® in
first-line NSCLC. Both Alimta® and
Erbitux® are
compendia listed and included in the NCCN guidelines for first-line metastatic
NSCLC in accordance with their trials. In front-line pancreatic cancer, Tarceva
primarily competes with Gemzar® (Eli
Lilly) monotherapy and Gemzar® in
combination with other chemotherapeutic agents. Tarceva could face competition
in the future from products in development for the treatment of pancreatic
cancer. We could face competition from generic versions of Tarceva. In February
2009, OSI Pharmaceuticals, with whom we collaborate on Tarceva, announced
receipt of a notice letter advising that Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc.
submitted an Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) to the FDA requesting
permission to manufacture and market a generic version of Tarceva.
OSI Pharmaceuticals announced that it expects to file a patent infringement
lawsuit against Teva seeking to restrict approval of the ANDA.
Nutropin: Nutropin faces
competition in the growth hormone market from multiple competitors, including
Humatrope® (Eli
Lilly), Genotropin®
(Pfizer), Norditropin® (Novo
Nordisk), Saizen® (Merck
Serono), and Tev-Tropin® (Teva
Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.). In addition, Accretropin® (Cangene
Corporation), a biologic growth hormone, has been approved and is also pending
launch. Nutropin also faces competition from follow-on biologics, including
Omnitrope® (Sandoz
Inc.) and Valtropin® (LG Life
Sciences Ltd.), the latter of which has been approved and is pending
launch.
As
a result of this competition, we have experienced and may continue to experience
a loss of patient share and increased competition for managed care product
placement. Obtaining placement on the preferred product lists of managed care
companies may require that we further discount the price of Nutropin. In
addition to managed care placement, patient and healthcare provider services
provided by growth hormone manufacturers are increasingly important to creating
brand preference.
Thrombolytics: Our
thrombolytic products face competition in the acute myocardial infarction
market, with sales of TNKase and Activase affected by the adoption by physicians
of mechanical reperfusion strategies. We expect that the use of mechanical
reperfusion, in lieu of thrombolytic therapy for the treatment of acute
myocardial infarction, will continue to grow. TNKase for acute myocardial
infarction also faces competition from Retavase® (EKR
Therapeutics, Inc.).
Pulmozyme: Pulmozyme
currently faces competition from the use of hypertonic saline, an inexpensive
approach to clearing sputum from the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients.
Approximately 30 percent of cystic fibrosis patients receive hypertonic saline,
and we estimate that in a small percentage of patients (less than 5 percent),
this use will affect how a physician may prescribe or a patient may use
Pulmozyme. Infants and toddlers are most likely to be prescribed hypertonic
saline rather than Pulmozyme.
Raptiva: Raptiva
competes with established therapies for moderate-to-severe psoriasis, including
oral systemics such as methotrexate and cyclosporin as well as ultraviolet light
therapies. In addition, Raptiva competes with biologic agents Amevive®
(Astellas Pharma AG), Enbrel®, and
Remicade®. Raptiva
also competes with the biologic agent Humira®, which
was approved by the FDA for use in moderate-to-severe psoriasis on January 18,
2008. Raptiva may face future competition from the biologic
Ustekinumab/CNTO-1275 (Centocor), for which a filing was made with the FDA for
approval in the treatment of psoriasis on December 4, 2007. Additionally,
we expect Raptiva to lose market share to competitors due to cases of
progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in Raptiva patients as
discussed in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and
Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of this Form 10-K.
In
addition to the commercial and late-stage development products listed above,
numerous products are in earlier stages of development at other biotechnology
and pharmaceutical companies that, if successful in clinical trials, may compete
with our products.
Changes
in the third-party reimbursement environment may affect our product sales,
results of operations, and financial condition.
Sales
of our products will depend significantly on the extent to which reimbursement
for the cost of our products and related treatments will be available to
physicians and patients from various levels of U.S. and international government
health administration authorities, private health insurers, and other
organizations. Third-party payers and government health administration
authorities increasingly attempt to limit and/or regulate the reimbursement of
medical products and services, including branded prescription drugs. Changes in
government legislation or regulation, such as the Medicare Prescription Drug
Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003; the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005;
the Medicare, Medicaid, and State Children’s Health Insurance Program Extension
Act of 2007; and the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of
2008; changes in formulary or compendia listings; or changes in private
third-party payers’ policies toward reimbursement for our products may reduce
reimbursement of our products’ costs to physicians, pharmacies, and
distributors. Decreases in third-party reimbursement for our products could
reduce usage of the products, sales to collaborators, and royalties, and may
have a material adverse effect on our product sales, results of operations, and
financial condition. The pricing and reimbursement environment for our products
may change in the future and become more challenging due to, among other
reasons, policies advanced by the new presidential administration, new
healthcare legislation passed by Congress or fiscal challenges faced by all
levels of government health administration authorities.
We
may be unable to obtain or maintain regulatory approvals for our
products.
We
are subject to stringent regulations with respect to product safety and efficacy
by various international, federal, state, and local authorities. Of particular
significance are the FDA’s requirements covering R&D, testing,
manufacturing, quality control, labeling, and promotion of drugs for human use.
As a result of these requirements, the length of time, the level of
expenditures, and the laboratory and clinical information required for approval
of a BLA or NDA are substantial and can require a number of years. In addition,
even if our products receive regulatory approval, they remain subject to ongoing
FDA regulations, including, for example, obligations to conduct additional
clinical trials or other testing, changes to the product label, new or revised
regulatory requirements for manufacturing practices, written advisements to
physicians, and/or a product recall or withdrawal.
We
may not obtain necessary regulatory approvals on a timely basis, if at all, for
any of the products we are developing or manufacturing, or we may not maintain
necessary regulatory approvals for our existing products, and all of the
following could have a material adverse effect on our business:
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Significant
delays in obtaining or failing to obtain approvals, as described above in
“The successful development of pharmaceutical products is highly uncertain
and requires significant expenditures and
time.”
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Loss
of, or changes to, previously obtained approvals or accelerated approvals,
including those resulting from post-approval safety or efficacy issues.
For example, with respect to the FDA’s accelerated approval of Avastin in
combination with paclitaxel chemotherapy for the treatment of patients who
have not received prior chemotherapy for metastatic HER2-negative BC, the
FDA may withdraw or modify such approval, or request additional
post-marketing studies. Additionally, we may be unable to maintain
regulatory approval for Raptiva, or we may be subject to other regulatory
requirements or actions that significantly restrict the use of Raptiva,
due to cases of PML in Raptiva patients. On February 19, 2009, the
European Medicines Agency announced that it recommended the suspension of
the marketing authorization for Raptiva from our collaborator,
Merck Serono, and the FDA issued a public health advisory regarding
Raptiva, as discussed in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of this
Form 10-K.
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Failure
to comply with existing or future regulatory
requirements.
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A
determination by the FDA that study endpoints used in clinical trials for
our products are not sufficient for product
approval.
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Changes
to manufacturing processes, manufacturing process standards, or cGMP
following approval, or changing interpretations of those
factors.
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In
addition, the current regulatory framework could change, or additional
regulations could arise at any stage during our product development or marketing
that may affect our ability to obtain or maintain approval of our products or
require us to make significant expenditures to obtain or maintain such
approvals.
Difficulties
or delays in product manufacturing or difficulties in accurately forecasting
manufacturing capacity needs, could harm our business and/or negatively affect
our financial performance.
Manufacturing
pharmaceutical products is difficult and complex, and requires facilities
specifically designed and validated for that purpose. It can take more than five
years to design, construct, validate, and license a new biotechnology
manufacturing facility. We currently produce our products at our manufacturing
facilities in South San Francisco, Vacaville, and Oceanside, California, and
through various contract-manufacturing arrangements. Maintaining an adequate
supply to meet demand for our products depends on our ability to execute on our
production plan. Any significant problem in the operations of our or our
contractors’ manufacturing facilities could result in cancellation of shipments;
loss of product in the process of being manufactured; a shortfall, stock-out, or
recall of available product inventory; or unplanned increases in production
costs—any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business. A
number of factors could cause significant production problems or interruptions,
including:
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The
inability of a supplier to provide raw materials or supplies used to
manufacture our products.
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Equipment
obsolescence, malfunctions, or
failures.
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Product
quality or contamination problems, due to a number of factors including,
but not limited to, accidental or willful human
error.
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Damage
to a facility, including our warehouses and distribution facilities, due
to events such as fires or earthquakes, as our South San Francisco,
Vacaville, and Oceanside facilities are located in areas where earthquakes
and/or fires have occurred.
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Changes
in FDA regulatory requirements or standards that require modifications to
our manufacturing processes.
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Action
by the FDA or by us that results in the halting or slowdown of production
of one or more of our products or products that we make for
others.
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A
supplier or contract manufacturer going out of business or failing to
produce product as contractually
required.
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Failure
to maintain an adequate state of cGMP
compliance.
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See
also, “Our business is affected by macroeconomic conditions.”
In
addition, there are inherent uncertainties associated with forecasting future
demand or actual demand for our products or products that we produce for others,
and as a consequence we may have inadequate capacity or inventory to meet actual
demand. Alternatively, as a result of these inherent uncertainties, we may have
excess capacity or inventory, which could lead to an idling of a portion of our
manufacturing facilities, during which time we would incur unabsorbed or
idle plant charges, costs associated with the termination of existing contract
manufacturing relationships, costs associated with a reduction in workforce,
costs associated with unsalable inventory, or other excess capacity charges,
resulting in an increase in our cost of sales (COS). For example, in 2008, we
recognized charges of approximately $90 million related to unexpected failed
lots, delays in manufacturing start-up campaigns, and excess
capacity.
Difficulties
or delays in our or our contractors’ manufacturing of existing or new products
could increase our costs; cause us to lose revenue or market share; damage our
reputation; and result in a material adverse effect on our product sales,
financial condition, and results of operations.
Difficulties
or delays in obtaining materials from our suppliers could harm our business
and/or negatively affect our financial performance.
Certain
of our raw materials and supplies required for the production of our principal
products, or products that we make for others, are available only through
sole-source suppliers (the only recognized supplier available to us) or
single-source suppliers (the only approved supplier for us among other sources).
If such sole-source or single-source suppliers were to limit or terminate
production or otherwise fail to supply these materials for any reason, we may
not be able to obtain such raw materials and supplies without significant delay
or at all, and such failures could have a material adverse effect on our product
sales and our business.
Difficulties
or delays in our or our contractors’ supply of existing or new products could
increase our costs; cause us to lose revenue or market share; damage our
reputation; and result in a material adverse effect on our product sales,
financial condition, and results of operations.
Protecting
our proprietary rights is difficult and costly.
The
patent positions of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies can be highly
uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions. Accordingly, we
cannot predict with certainty the breadth of claims that will be
allowed
in
patents, nor can we predict with certainty the outcome of disputes about the
infringement, validity, or enforceability of patents. Patent disputes are
frequent and may ultimately preclude the commercialization of products. We have
in the past been, are currently, and may in the future be involved in material
litigation and other legal proceedings related to our proprietary rights, such
as the Cabilly patent litigation and re-examination (discussed in Note 9,
“Leases, Commitments, and Contingencies,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial
Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K), the proprietary rights of
third parties, and disputes in connection with licenses granted to or obtained
from third parties. Such litigation and other legal proceedings are costly in
their own right and could subject us to significant liabilities including the
payment of significant royalty expenses, the loss of significant royalty income,
or other expenses or losses. Furthermore, an adverse decision or ruling could
force us to obtain third-party licenses at a material cost, cease using the
technology in dispute, terminate the R&D or commercialization of a product,
cause us to incur a material loss of sales and/or royalties and other revenue
from licensing arrangements that we have with third parties, and/or
significantly interfere with our ability to negotiate future licensing
arrangements.
The
presence of patents or other proprietary rights belonging to other parties may
subject us to infringement claims and may lead to a loss of our entire
investment in a product or technology.
If
there is an adverse outcome in our pending litigation or other legal actions,
our business may be harmed.
Litigation
and other legal actions to which we are currently or have been subject to relate
to, among other things, our patent and other intellectual property rights,
licensing arrangements and other contracts with third parties, and product
liability. We cannot predict with certainty the eventual outcome of pending
proceedings, which may include an injunction against the development,
manufacture, or sale of a product or potential product; a judgment with a
significant monetary award, including the possibility of punitive damages; or a
judgment that certain of our patent or other intellectual property rights are
invalid or unenforceable. Furthermore, we may have to incur substantial expense
in these proceedings, and such matters could divert management’s attention from
ongoing business concerns.
Our
activities related to the sale and marketing of our products are subject to
regulation under the U.S. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and other federal
and state statutes. Violations of these laws may be punishable by criminal
and/or civil sanctions, including fines and civil monetary penalties, as well as
the possibility of exclusion from federal healthcare programs (including
Medicare and Medicaid). In 1999, we agreed to pay $50 million to settle a
federal investigation related to our past clinical, sales, and marketing
activities associated with human growth hormone. We are currently being
investigated by the Department of Justice with respect to our promotional
practices and may in the future be investigated for our promotional practices
related to any of our products. If the government were to bring charges against
us, if we were convicted of violating federal or state statutes, or if we
were subject to third-party litigation related to the same promotional
practices, there could be a material adverse effect on our business, including
our financial condition and results of operations.
We
are subject to various U.S. federal and state laws pertaining to healthcare
fraud and abuse, including anti-kickback and false claims laws. Anti-kickback
laws make it illegal for a prescription drug manufacturer to solicit, offer,
receive, or pay any remuneration in exchange for, or to induce, the referral of
business, including the purchase or prescription of a particular drug. Due in
part to the breadth of the statutory provisions and the absence of guidance in
the form of regulations or court decisions addressing some of our practices, it
is possible that our practices might be challenged under anti-kickback or
similar laws. False claims laws prohibit anyone from knowingly and willingly
presenting, or causing to be presented for payment to third-party payers
(including Medicare and Medicaid), claims for reimbursed drugs or services that
are false or fraudulent, claims for items or services not provided as claimed,
or claims for medically unnecessary items or services. Violations of fraud and
abuse laws may be punishable by criminal and/or civil sanctions, including fines
and civil monetary penalties, as well as the possibility of exclusion from
federal healthcare programs (including Medicare and Medicaid). If we were found
liable for violating these laws, or if the government were to allege that we
have violated, or if we are convicted of violating these laws, there could be a
material adverse effect on our business, including our stock
price.
Roche’s
unsolicited proposal and related matters may adversely affect our
business.
On
July 21, 2008, we announced that we received an unsolicited proposal from Roche
to acquire all of the outstanding shares of our Common Stock not owned by Roche
(the Roche Proposal). A special committee of our Board of Directors, composed of
the independent directors (the Special Committee) was formed to review and
consider the terms and conditions of the Roche Proposal, any business
combination with Roche or any offer by Roche to acquire our securities,
negotiate as appropriate, and, in the Special Committee’s discretion, recommend
or not recommend the acceptance of the Roche Proposal by the minority
shareholders. On August 13, 2008, we announced that the Special Committee
had unanimously concluded that the Roche Proposal substantially undervalues the
company, but would consider a proposal that recognizes the value of the company
and reflects the significant benefits that would accrue to Roche as a result of
full ownership. On January 30, 2009, Roche announced that it intended to
commence a cash tender offer which would replace the Roche Proposal that was
announced on July 21, 2008. On January 30, 2009, in response to the
announcement by Roche, the Special Committee urged shareholders to take no
action with respect to the announcement by Roche and that the Special Committee
will announce a formal position within 10 business days following the
commencement of such a tender offer by Roche. On February 9, 2009, Roche
commenced a cash tender offer for all of the outstanding shares of our Common
Stock not owned by Roche for $86.50 per share (the Roche Tender Offer). Also on
February 9, 2009, the Special Committee urged shareholders to take no action
with respect to the Roche Tender Offer. The Special Committee announced that it
intended to take a formal position within 10 business days of the commencement
of the Roche Tender Offer, and would explain in detail its reasons for that
position by filing a Statement on Schedule 14D-9 with the Securities and
Exchange Commission.
The
review and response to the Roche Proposal, the Roche Tender Offer or any other
tender offer or other proposal by Roche and related matters requires the
expenditure of significant time and resources by us and may be a significant
distraction for our management and employees. The Roche Proposal or the Roche
Tender Offer may create uncertainty for our management, employees, current and
potential collaborators, and other third parties. On August 18, 2008, the
Special Committee adopted two retention plans and two severance plans that
together cover substantially all employees of the company, including our named
executive officers. The two retention plans were implemented in lieu of our 2008
annual stock option grant and the two severance plans were adopted in addition
to existing severance plans. Nevertheless, this uncertainty could adversely
affect our ability to retain key employees and to hire new talent; cause
collaborators to terminate, or not to renew or enter into arrangements with us;
and negatively impact our business during the pendency of the Roche Tender Offer
or any other tender offer or other proposal by Roche or anytime thereafter.
Additionally, we, members of our Board of Directors, and Roche entities have
been named in several purported stockholder class-action complaints related to
the Roche Proposal and may be named in lawsuits related to the Roche Tender
Offer, which are more fully described in Note 9, “Leases, Commitments, and
Contingencies,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II,
Item 8 of this Form 10-K. These lawsuits or any future lawsuits may become
burdensome and result in significant costs of defense, indemnification, and
liability. These consequences, alone or in combination, may harm our business
and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. See also
“RHI, our controlling stockholder, may seek to influence our business in a
manner that is adverse to us or adverse to other stockholders who may be unable
to prevent actions by RHI” and “Our Affiliation Agreement with RHI could
adversely affect our cash position.”
RHI,
our controlling stockholder, may seek to influence our business in a manner that
is adverse to us or adverse to other stockholders who may be unable to prevent
actions by RHI.
As
our majority stockholder, RHI controls the outcome of most actions requiring the
approval of our stockholders. Our bylaws provide, among other things, that the
composition of our Board of Directors shall consist of at least three directors
designated by RHI, three independent directors nominated by the Nominations
Committee, and one Genentech executive officer nominated by the Nominations
Committee. Our bylaws also provide that RHI will have the right to obtain
proportional representation on our Board of Directors until such time that RHI
owns less than five percent of our stock. In connection with the Roche Tender
Offer, RHI stated that whether or not the tender offer is consummated, RHI may
exercise its rights to obtain proportional representation on our Board of
Directors and take a more active role in overseeing the management and policies
of Genentech. Currently, three of our directors—Mr. William Burns, Dr. Erich
Hunziker, and Dr. Jonathan K. C. Knowles—also serve as officers and employees
of
Roche.
As long as RHI owns more than 50 percent of our Common Stock, RHI directors will
be two of the three members of the Nominations Committee. Our certificate of
incorporation includes provisions related to competition by RHI affiliates with
Genentech, offering of corporate opportunities, transactions with interested
parties, intercompany agreements, and provisions limiting the liability of
specified employees. We cannot assure that RHI will not seek to influence our
business in a manner that is contrary to our goals or strategies, or the
interests of other stockholders. Moreover, persons who are directors of
Genentech and who are also directors and/or officers of RHI may decline to take
action in a manner that might be favorable to us but adverse to
RHI.
Additionally,
our certificate of incorporation provides that any person purchasing or
acquiring an interest in shares of our capital stock shall be deemed to have
consented to the provisions in the certificate of incorporation related to
competition with RHI, conflicts of interest with RHI, the offer of corporate
opportunities to RHI, and intercompany agreements with RHI. This deemed consent
might restrict our ability to challenge transactions carried out in compliance
with these provisions.
Our
Affiliation Agreement with RHI could adversely affect our cash
position.
Under
our July 1999 Affiliation Agreement with RHI (Affiliation Agreement), we have
established a stock repurchase program designed to maintain RHI’s percentage
ownership interest in our Common Stock based on an established Minimum
Percentage. The Affiliation Agreement provides that the percentage of our Common
Stock owned by RHI could be up to 2% below the Minimum Percentage (subject to
certain conditions). However, it also provides that, upon RHI’s request, we will
repurchase shares of our Common Stock to increase RHI’s ownership to the Minimum
Percentage. Such a request by RHI may adversely affect our cash position. Based
on the trading price of our Common Stock and RHI’s approximate ownership
percentage as of December 31, 2008, to raise RHI’s percentage ownership to the
Minimum Percentage would require us to spend approximately $3 billion for share
repurchases. Limitations in our ability to repurchase shares could result in
further dilution, which could increase the number of shares required to be
repurchased in order to raise RHI’s percentage ownership to the Minimum
Percentage. For more information on our stock repurchase program, see “Liquidity
and Capital Resources—Cash Used in Financing Activities,” in “Management’s
Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in
Part II, Item 7 of this Form 10-K. For information on the Minimum Percentage,
see Note 10, “Relationship with Roche Holdings, Inc. and Related Party
Transactions,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II,
Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
RHI’s
ownership percentage is diluted by the exercise of stock options to purchase
shares of our Common Stock by our employees and the purchase of shares of our
Common Stock through our employee stock purchase plan. See Note 3, “Retention
Plans and Employee Stock-Based Compensation,” in the Notes to Consolidated
Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for information
regarding employee stock plans. In order to maintain RHI’s Minimum Percentage,
we repurchase shares of our Common Stock under the stock repurchase program. As
of December 31, 2008, if all holders of exercisable in-the-money stock options
had exercised their stock options, to offset dilution of such exercises would
require us to spend approximately $2 billion for share repurchases, net of the
exercise price of the stock options. In the first quarter of 2008, we received
approximately four million shares under a $300 million prepaid share repurchase
arrangement that we entered into and funded in 2007. In the second quarter of
2008, we entered into another prepaid share repurchase arrangement with an
investment bank pursuant to which we delivered $500 million to the investment
bank. Under this arrangement, the investment bank delivered approximately 5.5
million shares to us on September 30, 2008. As of December 31, 2008, there were
in-the-money exercisable options outstanding for the purchase
of approximately 45 million shares of Common Stock. While the cash outflows
associated with future stock repurchase programs are uncertain, future stock
repurchases could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, credit
rating, and ability to access additional capital in the financial
markets.
Our
Affiliation Agreement with RHI could limit our ability to make acquisitions or
divestitures.
Our
Affiliation Agreement with RHI contains provisions that:
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Require
the approval of the directors designated by RHI to make any acquisition
that represents 10 percent or more of our assets, net income, or revenue;
or any sale or disposal of all or a portion of our business representing
10 percent or more of our assets, net income, or
revenue.
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Enable
RHI to maintain its percentage ownership interest in our Common
Stock.
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Require
us to establish a stock repurchase program designed to maintain RHI’s
percentage ownership interest in our Common Stock based on an established
Minimum Percentage. For information regarding the Minimum Percentage, see
Note 10, “Relationship with Roche Holdings, Inc. and Related Party
Transactions,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part
II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
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Sales
of our Common Stock by RHI could cause the price of our Common Stock to
decline.
As
of December 31, 2008, RHI owned 587,189,380 shares of our Common Stock, or 55.8%
of our outstanding shares. All of our shares owned by RHI are eligible for sale
in the public market subject to compliance with the applicable securities laws.
We have agreed that, upon RHI’s request, we will file one or more registration
statements under the Securities Act of 1933 in order to permit RHI to offer and
sell shares of our Common Stock. Sales of a substantial number of shares of our
Common Stock by RHI in the public market could adversely affect the market price
of our Common Stock.
Our
results of operations are affected by our royalty and contract revenue, and
sales to collaborators.
Royalty
and contract revenue, and sales to collaborators in future periods, could vary
significantly. Major factors affecting this revenue include, but are not limited
to:
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Roche’s
decisions about whether to exercise its options and option extensions to
develop and sell our future products in non-U.S. markets, and the timing
and amount of any related development cost
reimbursements.
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The
expiration or termination of existing arrangements with other companies
and Roche, which may include development and marketing arrangements for
our products in the U.S., Europe, and other
countries.
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The
timing of non-U.S. approvals, if any, for products licensed to Roche and
other licensees.
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Government
and third-party payer reimbursement and coverage decisions that affect the
utilization of our products and competing
products.
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The
initiation of new contractual arrangements with other
companies.
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Whether
and when contract milestones are
achieved.
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The
failure or refusal of a licensee to pay royalties or to make other
contractual payments, the termination of a contract under which we receive
royalties or other revenue, or changes to the terms of such a
contract.
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The
expiration of, or an adverse legal decision or ruling with respect to, our
patents or licensed intellectual property. See “Protecting our proprietary
rights is difficult and costly” and the Cabilly patent litigation and
re-examination discussion in Note 9, “Leases, Commitments, and
Contingencies,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part
II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
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Variations
in Roche’s or other licensees’ sales of their licensed products due to
competition, manufacturing difficulties, licensees’ internal forecasts, or
other factors that affect the sales of
products.
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Variations
in the recognition of royalty revenue based on our estimates of our
licensees’ sales, which are difficult to forecast because of the number of
products involved, the availability of licensee sales data, potential
contractual and intellectual property disputes, and the volatility of
foreign exchange rates.
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Fluctuations
in foreign currency exchange rates and the effect of any hedging contracts
that we have entered into under our hedging
policy.
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Negative
safety or efficacy data from clinical studies conducted either in the U.S.
or internationally by any party or post-approval marketing experience
could cause the sales of our products to decrease or a product to be
recalled or withdrawn.
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Other
factors could affect our product sales.
Other
factors that could affect our product sales include, but are not limited
to:
Ÿ
|
Efficacy
data from clinical studies conducted by any party in the U.S. or
internationally showing, or perceived to show, a similar or improved
treatment benefit at a lower dose or shorter duration of therapy could
cause the sales of our products to
decrease.
|
Ÿ
|
Our
pricing decisions, including a decision to increase or decrease the price
of a product; the pricing decisions of our competitors; as well as our
Avastin Patient Assistance Program.
|
Ÿ
|
Negative
safety or efficacy data from clinical studies conducted either in the U.S.
or internationally by any party or post-approval marketing experience
could cause the sales of our products to decrease or a product to be
recalled or withdrawn.
|
Ÿ
|
The
outcome of litigation involving patents of other companies concerning our
products (or those of our collaborators) or processes related to
production and formulation of those products or uses of those
products.
|
Ÿ
|
Our
distribution strategy, including the termination of, or change in, an
existing arrangement with any major wholesalers that supply our products,
and sales initiatives that we may undertake including product
discounts.
|
Ÿ
|
Product
returns and allowances greater than expected or historically
experienced.
|
Ÿ
|
The
inability of one or more of our major customers to maintain their ordering
patterns or inventory levels, to efficiently and effectively distribute
our products, or to meet their payment obligations to us on a timely
basis or at all.
|
Ÿ
|
The
inability of patients to afford co-pay costs due to an economic
contraction or recession, increases in co-pay costs, or for any other
reason.
|
Any
of the following additional factors could have a material adverse effect on our
sales and results of operations.
We
may be unable to attract and retain skilled personnel and maintain key
relationships.
The
success of our business depends, in large part, on our continued ability to (1)
attract and retain highly qualified management, scientific, manufacturing, and
sales and marketing personnel, (2) successfully integrate new employees into our
corporate culture, and (3) develop and maintain important relationships with
leading research and medical institutions and key distributors. Competition for
these types of personnel and relationships is intense, and may intensify due to,
among other reasons, uncertainty regarding the Roche Tender Offer or any other
tender offer or other proposal by Roche to acquire all of the outstanding shares
of our Common Stock not owned by Roche. We cannot be sure that we will be able
to attract or retain skilled personnel or maintain key relationships, or that
the costs of retaining such personnel or maintaining such relationships will not
materially increase.
Our
business is affected by macroeconomic conditions.
Various
macroeconomic factors could affect our business and the results of our
operations. For instance, if inflation or other factors were to significantly
increase our business costs, it may not be feasible to pass significant price
increases on to our customers due to the process by which physician
reimbursement for our products is calculated by
the
government. Interest rates and the ability to access credit markets could affect
the ability of our customers/distributors to purchase, pay for, and
effectively distribute our products. Similarly, these macroeconomic factors
could affect the ability of our sole-source or single-source suppliers to remain
in business or otherwise supply product; failure by any of them to remain a
going concern could affect our ability to manufacture products. Macroeconomic
factors could also affect the ability of patients to pay for co-pay costs or
otherwise pay for our products. Interest rates and the liquidity of the credit
markets could also affect the value of our investments. Foreign currency
exchange rates may affect our royalty revenue as well as the costs of
R&D and manufacturing activities denominated in a currency other than
the U.S. dollar.
We
may incur material product liability costs.
The
testing and marketing of medical products entails an inherent risk of product
liability. Liability exposures for pharmaceutical products can be extremely
large and pose a material risk. Our business may be materially and adversely
affected by a successful product liability claim or claims in excess of any
insurance coverage that we may have.
Insurance
coverage may be more difficult and costly to obtain or maintain.
We
currently have a limited amount of insurance to minimize our direct exposure to
certain business risks. In the future, we may be exposed to an increase in
premiums, a narrowing scope of coverage, and default risk from our
underwriters. As a result, we may be required to assume more risk or make
significant expenditures to maintain our current levels of insurance. If we are
subject to third-party claims or suffer a loss or damages in excess of our
insurance coverage, we will incur the cost of the portion of the retained risk.
Furthermore, any claims made on our insurance policies may affect our ability to
obtain or maintain insurance coverage at reasonable costs.
We
are subject to environmental and other risks.
We
use certain hazardous materials in connection with our research and
manufacturing activities. In the event that such hazardous materials are stored,
handled, or released into the environment in violation of law or any permit, we
could be subject to loss of our permits, government fines or penalties, and/or
other adverse governmental or private actions. The levy of a substantial fine or
penalty, the payment of significant environmental remediation costs, or the loss
of a permit or other authorization to operate or engage in our ordinary course
of business could materially adversely affect our business.
We
also have acquired, and may continue to acquire in the future, land and
buildings as we expand our operations. Some of these properties are
“brownfields” for which redevelopment or use is complicated by the presence or
potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant. Certain
events that could occur may require us to pay significant clean-up or other
costs in order to maintain our operations on those properties. Such events
include, but are not limited to, changes in environmental laws, discovery of new
contamination, or unintended exacerbation of existing contamination. The
occurrence of any such event could materially affect our ability to continue our
business operations on those properties.
Fluctuations
in our operating results could affect the price of our Common
Stock.
Our
operating results may vary from period to period for several reasons, including,
but not limited to, the following:
Ÿ
|
The
overall competitive environment for our products, as described in “We face
competition” above, factors affecting our royalty and contract revenue and
sales to collaborators, as described in “Our results of operations are
affected by our royalty and contract revenue, and sales to collaborators”
above, and other factors that could affect our products sales as described
in “Other factors could affect our product sales”
above.
|
Ÿ
|
Increased
COS, R&D, and marketing, general and administrative expenses;
stock-based or other compensation expenses; litigation-related expenses;
asset impairments; and equity securities
write-downs.
|
Ÿ
|
Changes
in the economy, the credit markets, increased counterparty performance
risks, interest rates, credit ratings, and the liquidity of our
investments, and the effects that such changes or volatility may have on
the value of our interest-bearing or equity
investments.
|
Ÿ
|
Changes
in foreign currency exchange rates, the effect of any hedging contracts
that we have entered into under our policy and the effects that they may
have on our royalty revenue, contract revenue, R&D expenses and
foreign-currency-denominated
investments.
|
Ÿ
|
The
availability and extent of government and private third-party
reimbursements for the cost of our
products.
|
Ÿ
|
The
ability to successfully manufacture sufficient quantities of any
particular marketed product.
|
Fluctuation
in our operating results due to factors described above or for any other reason
could affect the price of our Common Stock.
We
may be unable to manufacture certain of our products if there is bovine
spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) contamination of our bovine source raw
material.
Most
biotechnology companies, including Genentech, have historically used, and
continue to use, bovine source raw materials to support cell growth in certain
production processes. Bovine source raw materials from within or outside the
U.S. are subject to public and regulatory scrutiny because of the perceived risk
of contamination with the infectious agent that causes BSE. Should such BSE
contamination occur, it would likely negatively affect our ability to
manufacture certain products for an indefinite period of time (or at least until
an alternative process is approved); negatively affect our reputation; and could
result in a material adverse effect on our product sales, financial condition,
and results of operations.
We
could experience disruptions to our internal operations due to information
system problems, which could decrease revenue and increase
expenses.
Portions
of our information technology infrastructure, and those of our service
providers, may experience interruptions, delays, or cessations of service, or
produce errors. Any disruptions that may occur to our current or future systems,
could adversely affect our ability to report in an accurate and timely manner
the results of our consolidated operations, financial position, and cash flows.
Disruptions to these systems also could adversely affect our ability to fulfill
orders and interrupt other operational processes. Delayed sales, lower margins,
or lost customers resulting from these disruptions could adversely affect our
financial results.
Our
stock price, like that of many biotechnology companies, is
volatile.
The
market prices for securities of biotechnology companies in general have been
highly volatile and may continue to be highly volatile in the future. In
addition, the market price of our Common Stock has been and may continue to be
volatile. Among other factors, the following may have a significant effect on
the market price of our Common Stock:
Ÿ
|
The
Roche Tender Offer or any other tender offer or other proposal by Roche to
acquire all of the outstanding shares of our Common Stock not owned by
Roche. In addition, other future developments and announcements
related to the Roche Tender Offer or any other tender offer or other
proposal by Roche to acquire all of the outstanding shares of our Common
Stock not owned by Roche may result in further volatility in the price of
our Common Stock.
|
Ÿ
|
Announcements
of technological innovations or new commercial products by us or our
competitors.
|
Ÿ
|
Publicity
regarding actual or potential medical results related to products under
development or being commercialized by us or our
competitors.
|
Ÿ
|
Our
financial results or the guidance we provide relating to our financial
results.
|
Ÿ
|
Concerns
about our pricing initiatives and distribution strategy, and the potential
effect of such initiatives and strategy on the utilization of our products
or our product sales.
|
Ÿ
|
Developments
or outcomes of litigation, including litigation regarding proprietary and
patent rights (including, for example, the Cabilly patent discussed
in Note 9, “Leases, Commitments, and Contingencies,” in the Notes to
Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K),
and governmental investigations.
|
Ÿ
|
Regulatory
developments or delays affecting our products in the U.S. and other
countries.
|
Ÿ
|
Issues
concerning the efficacy or safety of our products, or of biotechnology
products generally.
|
Ÿ
|
Economic
and other external factors or a disaster or
crisis.
|
Ÿ
|
New
proposals to change or reform the U.S. healthcare system, including, but
not limited to, new regulations concerning reimbursement or follow-on
biologics.
|
Our
effective income tax rate may vary.
Various
internal and external factors may have favorable or unfavorable effects on our
future effective income tax rate. These factors include, but are not limited to,
changes in tax laws, regulations, and/or rates; the results of any tax
examinations; changing interpretations of existing tax laws or regulations;
changes in estimates of prior years’ items; past and future levels of R&D
spending; acquisitions; changes in our corporate structure; and changes in
overall levels of income before taxes—all of which may result in periodic
revisions to our effective income tax rate.
Paying
our indebtedness will require a significant amount of cash and may adversely
affect our operations and financial results.
As
of December 31, 2008, we had $2.0 billion of long-term debt and $500 million of
commercial paper notes payable. Our ability to make payments on or to refinance
our indebtedness, and to fund planned capital expenditures and R&D, as well
as stock repurchases and expansion efforts, will depend on our ability to
generate cash in the future. This ability, to a certain extent, is subject to
general economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory, and other
factors that are and will remain beyond our control. Additionally, our
indebtedness may increase our vulnerability to general adverse economic and
industry conditions, and require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our
cash flow from operations to payments on our indebtedness, which would reduce
the availability of our cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures,
R&D, expansion efforts, and other general corporate purposes; and limit our
flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the
industry in which we operate.
Item
1B.
|
UNRESOLVED
STAFF COMMENTS
|
None.
Our
headquarters are located in a research and industrial area in South San
Francisco, California, where we currently occupy 35 owned and 15 leased
buildings that house our R&D, marketing and administrative activities, as
well as bulk manufacturing facilities, a fill/finish facility, and a warehouse.
We have made and will continue to make improvements to these properties to
accommodate our growth. In addition, we own other properties in South San
Francisco that we may utilize for future expansion.
We
own a manufacturing facility in Vacaville, California, that is licensed to
produce commercial materials for select products. We expanded our Vacaville site
by constructing an additional manufacturing facility adjacent to the existing
facility as well as office buildings to support the added manufacturing
capacity. We expect qualification and licensure of our new Vacaville plant by
the end of 2009. We also own a biologics manufacturing facility in Oceanside,
California.
In
September 2006, we acquired land in Hillsboro, Oregon for the construction of a
new fill/finish, warehousing, distribution and related office facility. We
completed construction and began warehousing and distribution operations in
2008. We expect FDA licensure of the fill/finish operation in late
2010.
We
have an agreement with Lonza Group Ltd under which we can elect to purchase
Lonza’s manufacturing facility currently under construction in Singapore. The
facility is expected to be licensed for the production of Avastin bulk drug
substance in 2010.
In
May 2007, we acquired land in Dixon, California and began the construction of a
research support facility. We expect completion in late 2009.
In
June 2007, we began construction of a new E. coli manufacturing facility in
Singapore to produce bulk drug substance of Lucentis and other E. coli derived
products for the U.S. market. We anticipate FDA licensure of the site in the
first half of 2010.
In
connection with our acquisition of Tanox, Inc. in August 2007, we acquired a
lease for a manufacturing plant in San Diego, California that has been certified
by the FDA for clinical use.
We
lease small facilities as regional offices for sales and marketing and other
functions in several locations throughout the U.S., as well as in London, United
Kingdom. We also lease a lab facility and an office facility in
Singapore.
In
general, our existing facilities, owned or leased, are in good condition and are
adequate for all present and near-term uses, and we believe that our capital
resources are sufficient to purchase, lease, or construct any additional
facilities required to meet our long-term growth needs.
Item
3.
|
LEGAL
PROCEEDINGS
|
We
are a party to various legal proceedings, including patent litigations,
licensing and contract disputes, and other matters.
On
October 4, 2004, we received a subpoena from the U.S. Department of Justice
requesting documents related to the promotion of Rituxan, a prescription
treatment now approved for five indications. We are cooperating with the
associated investigation. Through counsel we are having discussions with
government representatives about the status of their investigation and
Genentech’s views on this matter, including potential resolution. Previously,
the investigation had been both criminal and civil in nature. We were informed
in August 2008 by the criminal prosecutor who handled this matter that the
government had decided to decline to prosecute the company criminally in
connection with this investigation. The civil matter is still ongoing. The
outcome of this matter cannot be determined at this time.
We
and the City of Hope National Medical Center (COH) are parties to a 1976
agreement related to work conducted by two COH employees, Arthur Riggs and
Keiichi Itakura, and patents that resulted from that work that are referred to
as the “Riggs/Itakura Patents.” Subsequently, we entered into license
agreements with various companies to manufacture, use, and sell the products
covered by the Riggs/Itakura Patents. On August 13, 1999, COH filed a complaint
against us in the Superior Court in Los Angeles County, California, alleging
that we owe royalties to COH in connection with these license agreements, as
well as product license agreements that involve the grant of licenses under the
Riggs/Itakura Patents. On June 10, 2002, a jury voted to award COH approximately
$300 million in compensatory damages. On June 24, 2002, a jury voted to award
COH an additional $200 million in punitive
damages.
Such amounts were accrued as an expense in the second quarter of 2002. Included
within current liabilities in “Accrued litigation” in the accompanying
Consolidated Balance Sheet at December 31, 2007 was $776 million, which
represented our estimate of the costs for the resolution of the COH matter
as of that reporting date. We filed a notice of appeal of the verdict and
damages awards with the California Court of Appeal, and in subsequent
proceedings the California Court of Appeal affirmed the verdict and damages
awards in all respects. Following the decision of the Court of Appeal, we filed
a petition seeking review by the California Supreme Court which was granted, and
on April 24, 2008 the California Supreme Court overturned the award of $200
million in punitive damages to COH but upheld the award of $300 million in
compensatory damages. We paid $476 million to COH in the second quarter of
2008, reflecting the amount of compensatory damages awarded plus interest
thereon from the date of the original decision, June 10, 2002.
As
a result of the April 24, 2008 California Supreme Court decision, we reversed a
$300 million net litigation accrual related to the punitive damages and accrued
interest, which we recorded as “Special items: litigation-related” in our
Consolidated Statements of Income in 2008. In 2007, we recorded accrued interest
and bond costs on both compensatory and punitive damages totaling $54 million.
In conjunction with the COH judgment in 2002, we posted a surety bond and were
required to pledge cash and investments of $788 million to secure the bond, and
this balance was reflected in “Restricted cash and investments” in the
accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2007. During the
third quarter of 2008, the court completed certain administrative procedures to
dismiss the case. As a result, the restrictions were lifted from the restricted
cash and investments accounts, which consisted of available-for-sale
investments, and the funds became available for use in our operations. We
and COH are in discussions, but have not reached agreement, regarding additional
royalties and other amounts that Genentech owes COH under the 1976
agreement for third-party product sales and settlement of a third-party patent
litigation that occurred after the 2002 judgment. We recorded additional
costs of $40 million as “Special items: litigation-related” in 2008 based on our
estimate of our range of liability in connection with the resolution of these
issues.
On
April 11, 2003, MedImmune, Inc. filed a lawsuit against Genentech, COH, and
Celltech R & D Ltd. in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of
California (Los Angeles). The lawsuit related to U.S. Patent No. 6,331,415 (the
Cabilly patent) that we co-own with COH and under which MedImmune and other
companies have been licensed and have paid royalties to us under these licenses.
The lawsuit included claims for violation of anti-trust, patent, and unfair
competition laws. MedImmune sought a ruling that the Cabilly patent was invalid
and/or unenforceable, a determination that MedImmune did not owe royalties under
the Cabilly patent on sales of its Synagis® antibody
product, an injunction to prevent us from enforcing the Cabilly patent, an award
of actual and exemplary damages, and other relief. On June 11, 2008, we
announced that we settled this litigation with MedImmune. Pursuant to the
settlement agreement, the U.S. District Court dismissed all of the claims
against us in the lawsuit. The litigation has been fully resolved and dismissed,
and the settlement did not have a material effect on our operating results in
2008.
On
May 13, 2005, a request was filed by a third party for reexamination of the
Cabilly patent. The request sought reexamination on the basis of non-statutory
double patenting over U.S. Patent No. 4,816,567. On July 7, 2005, the Patent
Office ordered reexamination of the Cabilly patent. On September 13, 2005, the
Patent Office mailed an initial non-final Patent Office action rejecting all 36
claims of the Cabilly patent. We filed our response to the Patent Office action
on November 25, 2005. On December 23, 2005, a second request for reexamination
of the Cabilly patent was filed by another third party, and on January 23, 2006,
the Patent Office granted that request. On June 6, 2006, the two reexaminations
were merged into one proceeding. On August 16, 2006, the Patent Office mailed a
non-final Patent Office action in the merged proceeding rejecting all the claims
of the Cabilly patent based on issues raised in the two reexamination requests.
We filed our response to the Patent Office action on October 30, 2006. On
February 16, 2007, the Patent Office mailed a final Patent Office action
rejecting all the claims of the Cabilly patent. We responded to the final Patent
Office action on May 21, 2007 and requested continued reexamination. On May 31,
2007, the Patent Office granted the request for continued reexamination, and in
doing so withdrew the finality of the February 2007 Patent Office action and
agreed to treat our May 21, 2007 filing as a response to a first Patent Office
action. On February 25, 2008, the Patent Office mailed a final Patent Office
action rejecting all the claims of the Cabilly patent. We filed our response to
that final Patent Office action on June 6, 2008. On July 19, 2008, the Patent
Office mailed an advisory action replying to our response and confirming the
rejection of all claims of the Cabilly patent. We filed a notice of appeal
challenging the rejection on August 22, 2008. Our opening appeal brief was filed
on December 9, 2008. Subsequent to the filing of our appeal brief, the Patent
Office continued the reexamination. On February 12 and 13, 2009, we filed
further responses with the Patent Office that included our proposed amendments
to three claims of the patent (claims 21, 27, and 32). The Cabilly patent, which
expires in
2018,
relates to methods that we and others use to make certain antibodies or antibody
fragments, as well as cells and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) used in these
methods. We have licensed the Cabilly patent to other companies and derive
significant royalties from those licenses. The claims of the Cabilly patent
remain valid and enforceable throughout the reexamination and appeals processes.
The outcome of this matter cannot be determined at this time.
In
2006, we made development decisions involving our humanized anti-CD20 program,
and our collaborator, Biogen Idec Inc., disagreed with certain of our
development decisions related to humanized anti-CD20 products. Under our 2003
collaboration agreement with Biogen Idec, we believe that we are permitted to
proceed with further trials of certain humanized anti-CD20 antibodies, but
Biogen Idec disagreed with our position. The disputed issues have been submitted
to arbitration. Resolution of the arbitration could require that both parties
agree to certain development decisions before moving forward with humanized
anti-CD20 antibody clinical trials (and possibly clinical trials of other
collaboration products, including Rituxan), in which case we may have to alter
or cancel planned clinical trials in order to obtain Biogen Idec’s approval.
Each party is also seeking monetary damages from the other. The arbitrators held
hearings on this matter, and we expect a final decision from the arbitrators by
no later than July 2009. The outcome of this matter cannot be determined at this
time.
On
June 28, 2003, Mr. Ubaldo Bao Martinez filed a lawsuit against the Porriño Town
Council and Genentech España S.L. in the Contentious Administrative Court
Number One of Pontevedra, Spain. The lawsuit challenges the Town
Council’s decision to grant licenses to Genentech España S.L. for the
construction and operation of a warehouse and biopharmaceutical
manufacturing facility in Porriño, Spain. On January 16, 2008, the
Administrative Court ruled in favor of Mr. Bao on one of the claims in the
lawsuit and ordered the closing and demolition of the facility, subject to
certain further legal proceedings. On February 12, 2008, we and the Town Council
filed appeals of the Administrative Court decision at the High Court in Galicia,
Spain. In addition, through legal counsel in Spain we are cooperating with
Lonza to pursue additional licenses and permits for the facility. We sold the
assets of Genentech España S.L., including the Porriño facility, to
Lonza in December 2006, and Lonza has operated the facility since that
time. Under the terms of that sale, we retained control of the defense of
this lawsuit and agreed to indemnify Lonza against certain contractually defined
liabilities up to a specified limit, which is currently estimated to be
approximately $100 million. The outcome of this matter and our indemnification
obligation to Lonza, if any, cannot be determined at this time.
On
May 30, 2008, Centocor, Inc. filed a patent lawsuit against Genentech and COH in
the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California. The lawsuit
relates to the Cabilly patent that we co-own with COH and under which Centocor
and other companies have been licensed and have paid royalties to us under these
licenses. The lawsuit seeks a declaratory judgment of patent invalidity and
unenforceability with regard to the Cabilly patent and of patent
non-infringement with regard to Centocor’s marketed product ReoPro®
(Abciximab) and its unapproved product CNTO 1275 (Ustekinumab). Centocor
originally sought to recover the royalties that it has paid to Genentech for
ReoPro® and the
monies it alleges that Celltech has paid to Genentech for Remicade®
(infliximab), a product marketed by Centocor (a wholly-owned subsidiary of
Johnson & Johnson) under an agreement between Centocor and Celltech, but
Centocor withdrew those claims in connection with its first amended complaint
filed on September 3, 2008. Genentech answered the complaint on September 19,
2008 and also filed counterclaims against Centocor alleging that four
Centocor products infringe certain Genentech patents. Genentech filed an
amendment to those counterclaims on October 10, 2008 and Centocor answered these
counterclaims on November 26, 2008. The outcome of this matter cannot be
determined at this time.
On
May 8, June 11, August 8, and September 29 of 2008, Genentech was named as a
defendant, along with InterMune, Inc. and its former chief executive officer, W.
Scott Harkonen, in four originally separate class-action complaints filed
in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California on behalf of
plaintiffs who allegedly paid part or all of the purchase price for
Actimmune® for the
treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Actimmune® is an
interferon-gamma product that was licensed by Genentech to Connectics
Corporation and was subsequently assigned to InterMune. InterMune currently
sells Actimmune® in the
U.S. The complaints are related in part to royalties that we received in
connection with the Actimmune® product.
The May 8, June 11, and August 8 complaints have been consolidated into a single
amended complaint that claims and seeks damages for violations
of
federal
racketeering laws, unfair competition laws, and consumer protection laws, and
for unjust enrichment. The September 29 complaint includes six claims, but only
names Genentech as a defendant in one claim for damages for unjust enrichment.
Genentech’s motion to dismiss both complaints was heard on February 2, 2009. The
outcome of these matters cannot be determined at this time.
Subsequent
to the Roche Proposal, more than thirty shareholder lawsuits have been
filed against Genentech and/or the members of its Board of Directors, and
various Roche entities, including RHI, Roche Holding AG, and Roche Holding Ltd.
The lawsuits are currently pending in various state courts, including the
Delaware Court of Chancery and San Mateo County Superior Court, as well as in
the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. The
lawsuits generally assert class-action claims for breach of fiduciary duty and
aiding and abetting breaches of fiduciary duty based in part on allegations
that, in connection with Roche’s offer to purchase the remaining shares, some or
all of the defendants failed to properly value Genentech, failed to solicit
other potential acquirers, and are engaged in improper self-dealing. Several of
the suits also seek the invalidation, in whole or in part, of the Affiliation
Agreement, and an order deeming Articles 8 and 9 of the company’s Amended and
Restated Certificate of Incorporation invalid or inapplicable to a
potential transaction with Roche. The outcome of these matters cannot be
determined at this time.
On
October 27, 2008, Genentech and Biogen Idec Inc. filed a complaint against
Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH (Sanofi), Sanofi-Aventis U.S. LLC, and
Sanofi-Aventis U.S. Inc. in the Northern District of California, seeking a
declaratory judgment that certain Genentech products, including Rituxan (which
is co-marketed with Biogen Idec) do not infringe Sanofi’s U.S. Patents 5,849,522
(‘522 patent) and 6,218,140 (‘140 patent) and a declaratory judgment that the
‘522 and ‘140 patents are invalid. Also on October 27, 2008, Sanofi filed suit
against Genentech and Biogen Idec in the Eastern District of Texas, Lufkin
Division, claiming that Rituxan and at least eight other Genentech products
infringe the ‘522 and ‘140 patents. Sanofi is seeking preliminary and permanent
injunctions, compensatory and exemplary damages, and other relief. Genentech and
Biogen Idec filed a motion to transfer this matter to the Northern District of
California on January 22, 2009. In addition, on October 24, 2008, Hoechst GmbH
filed with the ICC International Court of Arbitration (Paris) a request for
arbitration with Genentech, relating to a terminated agreement between Hoechst’s
predecessor and Genentech that pertained to the above-referenced patents and
related patents outside the U.S. Hoechst is seeking payment of royalties on
sales of Genentech products, damages for breach of contract, and other relief.
Genentech intends to defend itself vigorously. The outcome of these matters
cannot be determined at this time.
Item
4.
|
SUBMISSION
OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY
HOLDERS
|
Not
applicable.
Executive
Officers of the Company
The
executive officers of the company and their respective ages (as of December 31,
2008) and positions with the company are as follows:
Name
|
Age
|
|
Position
|
Arthur
D. Levinson, Ph.D.*
|
58
|
|
Chairman
and Chief Executive Officer
|
Susan
D. Desmond-Hellmann, M.D., M.P.H.*
|
51
|
|
President,
Product Development
|
Ian
T. Clark*
|
48
|
|
Executive
Vice President, Commercial Operations
|
David
A. Ebersman*
|
39
|
|
Executive
Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
|
Stephen
G. Juelsgaard, D.V.M., J.D.*
|
60
|
|
Executive
Vice President, Secretary and Chief Compliance Officer
|
Richard
H. Scheller, Ph.D.*
|
55
|
|
Executive
Vice President, Research and Chief Scientific Officer
|
Patrick
Y. Yang, Ph.D.*
|
60
|
|
Executive
Vice President, Product Operations
|
Marc
Tessier-Lavigne, Ph.D.
|
49
|
|
Executive
Vice President, Research Drug Discovery
|
Hal
Barron, M.D., F.A.C.C.
|
46
|
|
Senior
Vice President, Development, and Chief Medical Officer
|
Robert
E. Andreatta
|
47
|
|
Vice
President, Controller and Chief Accounting
Officer
|
________________________
* Members
of the Executive Committee of the company.
The
Board of Directors appoints all executive officers annually. There is no family
relationship between or among any of the executive officers or
directors.
Business
Experience
Arthur D. Levinson, Ph.D. was
appointed Chairman of the Board of Directors of Genentech, Inc. in September
1999 and was elected its Chief Executive Officer and a director of the company
in July 1995. Since joining the company in 1980, Dr. Levinson has been a Senior
Scientist, Staff Scientist and Director of the company’s Cell Genetics
Department. Dr. Levinson was appointed Vice President of Research Technology in
April 1989, Vice President of Research in May 1990, Senior Vice President of
Research in December 1992, and Senior Vice President of Research and
Development in March 1993. Dr. Levinson also serves as a member of the Board of
Directors of Apple, Inc. and Google, Inc.
Susan D. Desmond-Hellmann, M.D.,
M.P.H. was appointed President, Product Development of Genentech in March
2004. She previously served as Executive Vice President, Development and Product
Operations from September 1999 to March 2004, Chief Medical Officer from
December 1996 to March 2004, and as Senior Vice President, Development from
December 1997 to September 1999, among other positions, since joining Genentech
in March 1995 as a Clinical Scientist. Prior to joining Genentech, she held the
position of Associate Director at Bristol-Myers Squibb. Dr. Hellmann also serves
as a member of the Board of Directors of Affymetrix, Inc.
Ian T. Clark was appointed
Executive Vice President, Commercial Operations of Genentech in December 2005.
He previously served as Senior Vice President, Commercial Operations of
Genentech from August 2005 to December 2005 and joined Genentech as Senior Vice
President and General Manager, BioOncology and served in that role from January
2003 through August 2005. Prior to joining Genentech, he served as president for
Novartis Canada from 2001 to 2003. Before assuming his post in Canada, he served
as chief operating officer for Novartis United Kingdom from 1999 to
2001. Mr. Clark also serves as a member of the Board of Directors of
Vernalis plc.
David A. Ebersman was
appointed Executive Vice President of Genentech in January 2006 and Chief
Financial Officer in March 2005. Previously, he served as Senior Vice President,
Finance from January 2005 through March 2005 and Senior Vice President, Product
Operations from May 2001 through January 2005. He joined Genentech in February
1994 as a Business Development Analyst and subsequently served as Manager,
Business Development from February 1995 to February 1996, Director, Business
Development from February 1996 to March 1998, Senior Director, Product
Development from March 1998 to February 1999 and Vice President, Product
Development from February 1999 to May 2001. Prior to joining Genentech, he held
the position of Research Analyst at Oppenheimer & Company, Inc.
Stephen G. Juelsgaard, D.V.M.,
J.D. was appointed Chief Compliance Officer of Genentech in June 2005,
Executive Vice President in September 2002, and Secretary in April 1997. He
joined Genentech in July 1985 as Corporate Counsel and subsequently served as
Senior Corporate Counsel from 1988 to 1990, Chief Corporate Counsel from 1990 to
1993, Vice President, Corporate Law from 1993 to 1994, Assistant Secretary from
1994 to 1997, Senior Vice President from 1998 to 2002, and General Counsel
from 1994 to January 2007.
Richard H. Scheller, Ph.D.
was appointed Executive Vice President, Research of Genentech in September 2003
and Chief Scientific Officer in June 2008. Previously, he served as Senior Vice
President, Research from March 2001 to September 2003. Prior to joining
Genentech, he served as Professor of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and of
Biological Sciences at Stanford University Medical Center from
September 1982 to February 2001 and as an Investigator at the Howard Hughes
Medical Institute from September 1990 to February 2001. He received his first
academic appointment to Stanford University in 1982. He was appointed to
the position of Professor of Molecular and Cellular Physiology in 1993 and as an
Investigator in the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in 1994.
Patrick Y. Yang, Ph.D. was
appointed Executive Vice President, Product Operations of Genentech in December
2005. Previously, he served as Senior Vice President, Product Operations from
January 2005 through December 2005 and Vice President, South San Francisco
Manufacturing and Engineering from December 2003 to January 2005. Prior to
joining Genentech, he worked for General Electric from 1980 to 1992 in
manufacturing and technology and for Merck & Co. Inc. from 1992 to 2003 in
manufacturing. At Merck, he held several executive positions including Vice
President, Supply Chain Management from 2001 to 2003 and Vice President,
Asia/Pacific Manufacturing Operations from 1997 to 2000.
Marc Tessier-Lavigne, Ph.D.
was promoted to Executive Vice President, Research Drug Discovery in June 2008.
He previously served as Senior Vice President from September 2003 to June 2008.
Prior to joining Genentech, from 2001 to 2003, he served at
Stanford University as the Susan B. Ford Professor in the School of
Humanities and Sciences, professor of Biological Sciences, and professor of
Neurology and Neurological Sciences. He was also an investigator with the Howard
Hughes Medical Institute from 1994 to 2003.
Hal Barron, M.D., F.A.C.C.
was named Senior Vice President, Development in January 2004 and Chief Medical
Officer in March 2004. He previously served as Vice President of Medical Affairs
from May 2002 to January 2004, and as Senior Director of Specialty
BioTherapeutics from 2001 to 2002. Prior to that, he held positions as Associate
Director and Director of Cardiovascular Research. Dr. Barron joined Genentech as
a clinical scientist in 1996.
Robert E. Andreatta, was appointed
Controller of Genentech in June 2006, Chief Accounting Officer in April 2007,
and Vice President, Controller and Chief Accounting Officer in November
2008. Previously at Genentech, he served as Assistant Controller and Senior
Director, Corporate Finance from May 2005 to June 2006, Director of Corporate
Accounting and Reporting from September 2004 to May 2005, and Director of
Collaboration Finance from June 2003 to September 2004. Prior to joining
Genentech, he held various officer positions at HopeLink Corporation, a
healthcare information technology company, from 2000 to 2003 and was a member of
the Board of Directors of HopeLink from 2002 to 2003. Mr. Andreatta worked for
KPMG from 1983 to 2000, including service as an audit partner from 1995 to
2000.
PART
II
Item
5.
|
MARKET
FOR THE REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER
PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
|
See
“Liquidity and Capital Resources—Cash Used in Financing Activities” in
“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of
Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of this Form 10-K; Note 1, “Description
of Business—Redemption of Our Special Common Stock”; Note 10, “Relationship with
Roche Holdings, Inc. and Related Party Transactions”; and Note 12, “Capital
Stock,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of
this Form 10-K.
Stock
Exchange Listing
Our
Common Stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “DNA.” We
have not paid dividends on our Common Stock. We currently intend to retain all
future income for use in the operation of our business and for future stock
repurchases and, therefore, we have no plans to pay cash dividends at this
time.
Common
Stockholders
As
of December 31, 2008, there were approximately 2,100 stockholders of record of
our Common Stock, one of which is Cede & Co., a nominee for Depository Trust
Company (DTC). All of the shares of Common Stock held by brokerage firms, banks
and other financial institutions as nominees for beneficial owners are deposited
into participant accounts at DTC, and are therefore considered to be held of
record by Cede & Co. as one stockholder.
Stock
Prices
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4th
Quarter
|
|
$ |
89.77 |
|
|
$ |
69.17 |
|
|
$ |
78.61 |
|
|
$ |
65.35 |
|
3rd
Quarter
|
|
|
99.14 |
|
|
|
75.01 |
|
|
|
80.57 |
|
|
|
71.43 |
|
2nd
Quarter
|
|
|
82.00 |
|
|
|
66.80 |
|
|
|
83.65 |
|
|
|
72.31 |
|
1st
Quarter
|
|
|
82.20 |
|
|
|
65.60 |
|
|
|
89.73 |
|
|
|
80.12 |
|
Stock
Repurchases
See
“Liquidity and Capital Resources—Cash Used in Financing Activities” in
“Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of
Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of this Form 10-K for information on our
stock repurchases.
Performance
Graph
Below
is a graph showing the cumulative total return to our stockholders during the
period from December 31, 2003 through December 31, 2008 in comparison to the
cumulative return on the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index, the Standard &
Poor’s 500 Pharmaceuticals Index, and the Standard & Poor’s 500
Biotechnology Index during that same period.(1) The
results assume that $100 was invested on December 31, 2003.
|
|
Base
Period
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
December
|
|
|
December
|
|
|
December
|
|
|
December
|
|
|
December
|
|
|
December
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Genentech,
Inc.
|
|
$ |
100 |
|
|
$ |
116.36 |
|
|
$ |
197.71 |
|
|
$ |
173.41 |
|
|
$ |
143.36 |
|
|
$ |
177.21 |
|
S&P
500 Index
|
|
|
100 |
|
|
|
110.88 |
|
|
|
116.33 |
|
|
|
134.70 |
|
|
|
142.10 |
|
|
|
89.53 |
|
S&P
500 Pharmaceuticals Index
|
|
|
100 |
|
|
|
92.57 |
|
|
|
89.46 |
|
|
|
103.64 |
|
|
|
108.47 |
|
|
|
88.73 |
|
S&P
500 Biotechnology Index
|
|
|
100 |
|
|
|
107.61 |
|
|
|
127.27 |
|
|
|
123.78 |
|
|
|
119.55 |
|
|
|
131.88 |
|
________________________
(1)
|
The
total return on investment (the change in year-end stock price plus
reinvested dividends) assumes $100 invested on December 31, 2003 in our
Common Stock, the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index, the Standard &
Poor’s 500 Pharmaceuticals Index and the Standard & Poor’s 500
Biotechnology Index. At December 31, 2008, the Standard & Poor’s 500
Pharmaceuticals Index comprised Abbott Laboratories; Allergan, Inc.;
Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; Forest Laboratories, Inc.; Johnson &
Johnson; King Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Merck & Co., Inc.; Mylan
Laboratories Inc.; Eli Lilly and Company; Pfizer Inc.;
Schering-Plough Corporation; Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; and Wyeth. At
December 31, 2008, the Standard & Poor’s 500 Biotechnology Index
comprised Amgen Inc.; Biogen Idec Inc.; Celgene Corporation;
Cephalon, Inc.; Genzyme Corporation; and Gilead Sciences,
Inc.
|
The
information under “Performance Graph” is not deemed filed with the
Securities and Exchange Commission and is not to be incorporated by
reference in any filing of Genentech under the Securities Act of 1933, as
amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, whether made
before or after the date of this 10-K and irrespective of any general
incorporation language in those
filings.
|
Item
6.
|
SELECTED
FINANCIAL DATA
|
The
following selected consolidated financial data has been derived from our audited
consolidated financial statements. The information below is not necessarily
indicative of the results of future operations and should be read in conjunction
with Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and
Results of Operations,” and Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” of this Form 10-K, and the
consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included in Item 8
of this Form 10-K, in order to fully understand factors that may affect the
comparability of the information presented below.
SELECTED
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA
(In
millions, except per share amounts)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
operating revenue
|
|
$ |
13,418 |
|
|
$ |
11,724 |
|
|
$ |
9,284 |
|
|
$ |
6,633 |
|
|
$ |
4,621 |
|
Product
sales
|
|
|
10,531 |
|
|
|
9,443 |
|
|
|
7,640 |
|
|
|
5,488 |
|
|
|
3,749 |
|
Royalties
|
|
|
2,539 |
|
|
|
1,984 |
|
|
|
1,354 |
|
|
|
935 |
|
|
|
641 |
|
Contract
revenue
|
|
|
348 |
|
|
|
297 |
|
|
|
290 |
|
|
|
210 |
|
|
|
231 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net
income
|
|
$ |
3,427 |
(1) |
|
$ |
2,769 |
(1) |
|
$ |
2,113 |
(1) |
|
$ |
1,279 |
|
|
$ |
785 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Basic
earnings per share
|
|
$ |
3.25 |
|
|
$ |
2.63 |
|
|
$ |
2.01 |
|
|
$ |
1.21 |
|
|
$ |
0.74 |
|
Diluted
earnings per share
|
|
|
3.21 |
|
|
|
2.59 |
|
|
|
1.97 |
|
|
|
1.18 |
|
|
|
0.73 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
assets
|
|
$ |
21,787 |
|
|
$ |
18,940 |
|
|
$ |
14,842 |
|
|
$ |
12,147 |
|
|
$ |
9,403 |
(2) |
Long-term
debt
|
|
|
2,329 |
(2) |
|
|
2,402 |
(2) |
|
|
2,204 |
(2) |
|
|
2,083 |
(2) |
|
|
412 |
(2) |
Stockholders’
equity
|
|
|
15,671 |
|
|
|
11,905 |
|
|
|
9,478 |
|
|
|
7,470 |
|
|
|
6,782 |
|
________________________
|
We
have not paid any dividends.
|
|
All
per share amounts reflect the two-for-one stock split that was effected in
2004.
|
|
|
(1)
|
Net
income in 2008, 2007, and 2006 included employee stock-based compensation
costs of $262 million, $260 million, and $182 million, net of tax,
respectively, due to our adoption of Statement of Financial Accounting
Standards No. 123(R), “Share-Based
Payment,”
on a modified prospective basis on January 1, 2006. No employee
stock-based compensation expense was recognized in reported amounts in any
period prior to January 1, 2006. Net income in 2008
also included (i) a benefit of $(158) million, net of tax, related to the
net settlement of the City of Hope National Medical Center (COH)
litigation and additional royalties and other amounts owed by us to COH
for third-party product sales and settlement of a third-party patent
litigation that occurred after the 2002 judgment and (ii) $93 million, net
of tax, of charges related to the unsolicited proposal from Roche to
acquire all of the outstanding shares of our Common Stock not owned by
Roche (the Roche Proposal), including costs related to the retention
programs and third-party legal and advisory costs. Net income in 2007 also
included certain items associated with the acquisition of Tanox, including
a charge for in-process research and development expense of $77 million
and a gain pursuant to Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF) Issue No. 04-1,
“Accounting for Preexisting
Business Relationships between the Parties to a Business
Combination” (EITF 04-1), of $73
million, net of tax.
|
(2)
|
Long-term
debt in 2008, 2007, 2006, and 2005 included $2 billion related to our debt
issuance in July 2005, and included $306 million in 2008, $399 million in
2007, $216 million in 2006, and $94 million in 2005 in construction
financing obligations related to our agreements with Health Care
Properties (HCP, formerly Slough SSF, LLC) and Lonza. Long-term debt in
2008 was reduced by a $200 million financing payment to Lonza related to a
the construction of a manufacturing facility in Singapore. Long-term debt
in 2005 was also reduced by the repayment of $425 million to extinguish
the consolidated debt and noncontrolling interest of a synthetic lease
obligation related to our manufacturing facility located in Vacaville,
California. Upon adoption of the Financial Accounting Standards Board
Interpretation No. 46 (FIN 46), “Consolidation of Variable
Interest Entities,” in 2003, we
consolidated the entity from which we lease our manufacturing facility
located in Vacaville, California. Accordingly, we included in property,
plant and equipment assets with net book values of $326 million at
December 31, 2004. We also consolidated the entity’s debt of $412 million
and noncontrolling interest of $13 million, which amounts are included in
long-term debt and litigation-related and other long-term liabilities,
respectively, at December 31,
2004.
|
Item
7.
|
MANAGEMENT’S
DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF
OPERATIONS
|
Overview
The
Company
Genentech
is a leading biotechnology company that discovers, develops, manufactures, and
commercializes medicines for patients with significant unmet medical needs. We
commercialize multiple biotechnology products and also receive royalties from
companies that are licensed to market products based on our
technology.
Major
Developments in 2008
We
primarily earn revenue and income, and generate cash from product sales and
royalty revenue. Our total operating revenue in 2008 was $13.42 billion, an
increase of 14% from $11.72 billion in 2007. Product sales in 2008 were $10.53
billion, an increase of 12% from $9.44 billion in 2007. Product sales
represented 78% of our operating revenue in 2008 and 81% in 2007. Royalty
revenue was $2.54 billion in 2008, an increase of 28% from $1.98 billion in
2007. Royalty revenue represented 19% of our operating revenue in 2008 and 17%
in 2007. Our net income in 2008 was $3.43 billion, an increase of 24% from $2.77
billion in 2007.
Avastin
On
February 12, 2008, we announced that AVADO, Roche’s study evaluating two doses
of Avastin in first-line metastatic breast cancer (BC), met its primary endpoint
of prolonging progression-free survival (PFS). Both doses of Avastin in
combination with chemotherapy showed statistically significant improvement in
the time patients lived without their disease advancing compared to chemotherapy
and placebo.
On
February 22, 2008, we received accelerated approval from the U.S Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) to market Avastin in combination with paclitaxel
chemotherapy for the treatment of patients who have not received prior
chemotherapy for metastatic human epidermal growth factor receptor 2
(HER2)-negative BC. As a condition of the accelerated approval, we are required
to make future submissions to the FDA, including the final study reports for two
Phase III studies, AVADO and RIBBON I, which are studies of Avastin in
first-line metastatic HER2-negative BC. Based on the FDA’s review of our future
submissions, the FDA may decide to withdraw or modify the accelerated approval,
request additional post-marketing studies, or grant full approval.
On
April 20, 2008, we announced an update to the previously reported
Roche-sponsored international Phase III clinical study of Avastin (AVAiL) in
combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin chemotherapy in patients with
advanced, non-squamous, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The update confirmed
the statistically significant improvement in the primary endpoint of PFS for the
two different doses of Avastin studied in the trial (15 mg/kg/every-three-weeks
and 7.5 mg/kg/every-three-weeks) compared to chemotherapy alone. The study did
not demonstrate a statistically significant prolongation of overall survival, a
secondary endpoint, for either dose of Avastin in combination with gemcitabine
and cisplatin chemotherapy compared to chemotherapy alone. Median survival of
patients in all arms of the study exceeded one year, longer than previously
reported survival times in this indication.
On
November 3, 2008, we announced that we submitted a supplemental Biologic
License Application (sBLA) to the FDA for Avastin as a therapy for patients with
previously treated glioblastoma. If accepted by the FDA, the application would
be considered for an accelerated approval that allows provisional approval of
medicines for cancer or other life-threatening diseases based on preliminary
evidence suggesting clinical benefit. We plan to initiate a global Phase III
study in the first half of 2009 in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma
multiforme that will evaluate Avastin with standard of care chemotherapy and
radiation.
On
November 23, 2008, we announced that a Phase III study (RIBBON I) of Avastin, in
combination with taxane, anthracycline-based or capecitabine chemotherapies for
first-line treatment of metastatic HER2-negative BC, met its primary endpoint of
increasing the time patients lived without their disease advancing, compared to
the chemotherapies alone. The primary endpoint of PFS was assessed by the
treating physicians in the study (investigator-assessed). The safety profile of
Avastin was consistent with previous experience and no new safety signals were
observed.
The
National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP) is sponsoring an
ongoing Phase III study (NSABP C-08) of Avastin plus chemotherapy in patients
with early-stage colon cancer. During 2008, we announced that the NSABP informed
us that the trial would continue, based on recommendations from an independent
data monitoring committee after planned interim analyses and that the final
efficacy and safety results were expected to be available in 2009 rather than
2010 as was previously anticipated. We also announced that the interim analyses
showed no new or unexpected safety events in the Avastin arm. On January 21,
2009, we announced that the NSABP informed us that the results of the study
could be known and communicated as early as mid-April 2009. The exact timing of
data availability will depend on the timing of disease progression events. If
the required number of disease progression events as defined by the study’s
statistical analytical plan has not occurred as of mid-April, then the NSABP
will continue the study and we anticipate that the final results will most
likely be known later in the second quarter of 2009.
Rituxan
On
April 14, 2008, we and Biogen Idec announced that OLYMPUS, a Phase II/III study
of Rituxan for primary-progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS), did not meet its
primary endpoint as measured by the time to confirmed disease progression during
the 96-week treatment period.
On
April 29, 2008, we announced that the Phase II/III study of Rituxan for systemic
lupus erythematosus (SLE, commonly called lupus) did not meet its primary
endpoint, defined as the proportion of Rituxan treated patients who achieved a
major clinical response or partial clinical response measured by British Isles
Lupus Assessment Group, a lupus activity response index, compared to placebo at
52 weeks.
On
October 6, 2008, we and Biogen Idec announced that a global Phase III study of
Rituxan in combination with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide chemotherapy met
its primary endpoint of improving PFS, as assessed by investigators, in patients
with previously treated CD20-positive chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
compared to chemotherapy alone. There were no new or unexpected safety signals
reported in the study. An independent review of the primary endpoint is being
conducted for United States (U.S.) regulatory purposes. Earlier in 2008, Roche
announced that another Phase III study of Rituxan, CLL-8, showed that a similar
treatment combination improved PFS in patients with CLL who had not previously
received treatment.
On
December 18, 2008 we and Biogen Idec announced that a Phase III clinical study
of Rituxan (IMAGE) in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who were not
previously treated with methotrexate met its primary endpoint.
Other
Products and Pipeline
On
October 2, 2008, we announced that we issued a Dear Healthcare Provider letter
to inform physicians of a case of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
(PML) in a 70-year-old patient who had received Raptiva for more than four years
for treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis. The patient subsequently died. On
October 16, 2008, revised prescribing information for Raptiva was approved by
the FDA. A boxed warning was added that includes the recently reported case of
PML and updated information on the risk of serious infections leading to
hospitalizations and death in patients receiving Raptiva. The updated label also
includes a warning about certain neurologic events as well as precautions
regarding immunizations and pediatric use. A Dear Healthcare Provider letter was
issued to communicate this updated prescribing information to physicians. On
November 17, 2008, we announced that we issued a Dear Healthcare Provider letter
to inform physicians of a second case of PML that resulted in the death of
a
73-year
old patient who had received Raptiva for approximately four years for treatment
of chronic plaque psoriasis. On February 10, 2009, a Dear
Healthcare Provider letter was sent to physicians to inform them of a third case
of PML in a 47-year-old patient who had received Raptiva for more than three
years for the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis. On February 19, 2009, our
collaborator, Merck Serono, and separately the European Medicines Agency (EMEA),
announced that the EMEA recommended the suspension of the marketing
authorization for Raptiva from Merck Serono, and that the EMEA’s Committee for
Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) has concluded that the benefits of
Raptiva no longer outweigh its risks because of safety concerns, including the
occurrence of PML in patients taking the medicine. Also on February 19, 2009,
the FDA issued a public health advisory regarding Raptiva, which provided
warnings about PML and the use of Raptiva, and advised physicians to
periodically re-evaluate patients treated with Raptiva and to consider other
approved therapies to control patients’ psoriasis. Based on the medical
information available for the PML cases, we believe that Raptiva increases the
risk of PML and that prolonged exposure to Raptiva or older age may further
increase this risk. We have submitted updated labeling to the FDA, and are
working with the FDA to determine the appropriate next steps, which may include,
among other things, significant restrictions in use of or suspension or
withdrawal of regulatory approval for Raptiva.
On
October 2, 2008, we announced that we entered into a collaboration agreement
with Roche and GlycArt Biotechnology AG (wholly-owned by Roche) in September for
the joint development and commercialization of GA101, a humanized anti-CD20
monoclonal antibody for the potential treatment of hematological malignancies
and other oncology-related B-cell disorders such as non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
(NHL). GA101 is currently in Phase I/II clinical trials for CD20-positive B-cell
malignancies, such as NHL and CLL. On October 28, 2008, Biogen Idec exercised
their right under our collaboration agreement with them to opt in to this
agreement and paid us an up-front fee as part of the opt-in.
On
October 5, 2008, we and OSI Pharmaceuticals announced that a randomized Phase
III study (BeTa Lung) evaluating Avastin in combination with Tarceva in patients
with advanced NSCLC whose disease had progressed following platinum-based
chemotherapy did not meet its primary endpoint of improving overall survival
compared to Tarceva in combination with a placebo. However, there was evidence
of clinical activity with improvements in the secondary endpoints of PFS and
response rate when Avastin was added to Tarceva compared to Tarceva alone. No
new or unexpected safety signals for either Avastin or Tarceva were observed in
the study, and adverse events were consistent with those observed in previous
NSCLC clinical trials evaluating the agents.
On
November 6, 2008, we and OSI Pharmaceuticals announced that a global Phase III
study (SATURN) met its primary endpoint and showed that Tarceva significantly
extended the time that patients with advanced NSCLC lived without their cancer
getting worse when given Tarceva immediately following initial treatment with
platinum-based chemotherapy, compared to placebo. There were no new or
unexpected safety signals in the study and adverse events were consistent with
those observed in previous NSCLC clinical trials evaluating
Tarceva.
On
February 2, 2009, we announced that a Phase III study (ATLAS) of Tarceva in
combination with Avastin as maintenance therapy following initial treatment with
Avastin plus chemotherapy in advanced NSCLC met its primary endpoint. The study
was stopped early on the recommendation of an independent data safety monitoring
board after a pre-planned interim analysis showed that combining Tarceva and
Avastin significantly extended the time patients lived without their disease
advancing, as defined by PFS, compared to Avastin plus placebo. A preliminary
safety analysis showed that adverse events were consistent with previous Avastin
or Tarceva studies, as well as trials evaluating the two medicines together, and
no new safety signals were observed.
Legal
and Other Matters
On
February 25, 2008, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (Patent Office) issued a
final Patent Office action rejecting all 36 claims of the Cabilly patent. We
filed our response to that final Patent Office action on June 6, 2008. On July
19, 2008, the Patent Office mailed an advisory action replying to our response
and confirming the rejection of all claims of the Cabilly patent. We filed a
notice of appeal challenging the rejection on August 22, 2008. Our opening
appeal brief was filed on December 9, 2008. Subsequent to the filing of our
appeal brief, the Patent Office continued the reexamination. On February 12
and 13, 2009, we filed further responses with the Patent Office that included
our proposed amendments to three claims of the patent (claims 21, 27, and
32). The claims of the patent remain valid and enforceable
throughout the reexamination and appeals processes.
On
April 24, 2008, we announced that the California Supreme Court overturned the
award of $200 million in punitive damages to the COH but upheld the award of
$300 million in compensatory damages resulting from a contract dispute brought
by COH. The punitive damages were part of a 2004 decision of the California
Court of Appeal, which upheld a 2002 Los Angeles County Superior Court jury
verdict awarding these amounts. We paid $476 million to COH in the second
quarter of 2008, reflecting the amount of compensatory damages awarded, plus
interest thereon from the date of the original decision in 2002. We recorded a
favorable litigation settlement as a result of the California Supreme Court
decision.
On
June 11, 2008, we announced that we settled the patent litigation with MedImmune
involving the Cabilly patent. The settlement resolved disputed issues with
respect to MedImmune’s marketed product Synagis® as well
as a related product for which MedImmune is seeking regulatory approval. The
settlement also permits MedImmune to obtain licenses for certain additional
pipeline products under the Cabilly patent family.
On
July 21, 2008, we announced that we received an unsolicited proposal from
Roche to acquire all of the outstanding shares of our Common Stock not owned by
Roche at a price of $89 in cash per share (the Roche Proposal) and on July
24, 2008 we announced that a special committee of our Board of Directors
composed of our independent directors (the Special Committee) was formed to
review and consider the terms and conditions of the Roche Proposal, any business
combination with Roche or any offer by Roche to acquire our securities,
negotiate as appropriate, and, in the Special Committee’s discretion,
recommend or not recommend the acceptance of the Roche Proposal by the minority
shareholders. On August 13, 2008, we announced that the Special Committee had
unanimously concluded that the Roche Proposal substantially undervalues the
company, but that the Special Committee would consider a proposal that
recognizes the value of the company and reflects the significant benefits that
would accrue to Roche as a result of full ownership. On January 30, 2009, Roche
announced that it intended to commence a cash tender offer which would replace
the Roche Proposal that was announced on July 21, 2008. On January 30, 2009, in
response to the announcement by Roche, the Special Committee urged shareholders
to take no action with respect to the announcement by Roche and that the Special
Committee will announce a formal position within 10 business days following the
commencement of such a tender offer by Roche. On February 9, 2009, Roche
commenced a cash tender offer for all of the outstanding shares of our Common
Stock not owned by Roche for $86.50 per share (the Roche Tender Offer). Also on
February 9, 2009, the Special Committee urged shareholders to take no action
with respect to the Roche Tender Offer. The Special Committee announced that it
intended to take a formal position within 10 business days of the commencement
of the Roche Tender Offer, and would explain in detail its reasons for that
position by filing a Statement on Schedule 14D-9 with the U.S. Securities and
Exchange Commission (SEC).
On
August 18, 2008, the Special Committee adopted two retention plans and two
severance plans that together cover substantially all employees of the company,
including our named executive officers. The two retention plans were implemented
in lieu of our 2008 annual stock option grant, and the aggregate cost is
currently estimated to be approximately $375 million payable in
cash.
Our
Strategy and Goals
As
announced in 2006, our business objectives for the years 2006 through 2010
include bringing at least 20 new molecules into clinical development, bringing
at least 15 major new products or indications onto the market, becoming the
number one U.S. oncology company in sales, and achieving certain financial
growth measures. These objectives are reflected in our revised Horizon 2010
strategy and goals summarized on our website at www.gene.com/gene/about/corporate/growthstrategy.
Economic
and Industry-wide Factors
Our
strategy and goals are challenged by economic and industry-wide factors that
affect our business. Key factors that affect our future growth are discussed
below.
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We
face significant competition in the diseases of interest to us from
pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. The introduction of new
competitive products or follow-on biologics, new information about
existing products, and pricing and distribution decisions by us or our
competitors may result in lost market share for us, reduced utilization of
our products, lower prices, and/or reduced product sales, even for
products protected by patents. We monitor the competitive landscape and
develop strategies in response to new
information.
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Our
long-term business growth depends on our ability to continue to
successfully develop and commercialize important novel therapeutics to
treat unmet medical needs. We recognize that the successful development of
pharmaceutical products is highly difficult and uncertain, and that it
will be challenging for us to continue to discover and develop innovative
treatments. Our business requires significant investment in research and
development (R&D) over many years, often for products that fail during
the R&D process. Once a product receives FDA approval, it remains
subject to ongoing FDA regulation, including changes to the product label,
new or revised regulatory requirements for manufacturing practices,
written advisement to physicians, and product recalls or
withdrawals.
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Our
business model requires appropriate pricing and reimbursement for our
products to offset the costs and risks of drug development. Some of the
pricing and distribution of our products have received negative press
coverage and public and governmental scrutiny. We will continue to meet
with patient groups, payers, and other stakeholders in the healthcare
system to understand their issues and concerns. The pricing and
reimbursement environment for our products may change in the future and
become more challenging due to, among other reasons, policies of the new
presidential administration or new healthcare legislation passed by
Congress.
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As
the Medicare and Medicaid programs are the largest payers for our
products, rules related to the programs’ coverage and reimbursement
continue to represent an important issue for our business. New regulations
related to hospital and physician payment continue to be implemented
annually. In addition, regulations implemented as a result of the Deficit
Reduction Act of 2005, the Medicare, Medicaid, and State Children’s Health
Insurance Program Extension Act of 2007, and the Medicare Improvements for
Patients and Providers Act of 2008 will continue to affect the
reimbursement for our products paid by Medicare, Medicaid, and other
public payers. We consider these rules as we plan our business and as we
work to present our point of view to legislators and
payers.
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Intellectual
property protection of our products is crucial to our business. Loss of
effective intellectual property protection could result in lost sales to
competing products and loss of royalty payments (for example, royalty
income associated with the Cabilly patent) from licensees. We are often
involved in disputes over contracts and intellectual property, and we work
to resolve these disputes in confidential negotiations or litigation. We
expect legal challenges in this area to continue. We plan to continue to
build upon and defend our intellectual property
position.
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Manufacturing
pharmaceutical products is difficult and complex, and requires facilities
specifically designed and validated to run biotechnology production
processes. Difficulties or delays in product manufacturing or in obtaining
materials from our suppliers, or difficulties in accurately forecasting
manufacturing capacity needs or complying with regulatory requirements,
could negatively affect our business. Additionally, we have had, and may
continue to have, an excess of available capacity, which could lead to
idling of a portion of our manufacturing facilities, during which
time we would incur unabsorbed or idle plant charges or other excess
capacity charges, resulting in an increase in our cost of sales
(COS).
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Our
ability to attract and retain highly qualified and talented people in all
areas of the company, and our ability to maintain our unique culture,
particularly in light of the Roche Tender Offer or any other tender offer
or other proposal by Roche to acquire all of the outstanding shares of our
Common Stock not owned by Roche, will be critical to our success over
the long-term. We are working diligently across the company to make sure
that we successfully hire, train, and integrate new employees into the
Genentech culture and
environment.
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Since
September 2008, the financial markets have experienced high volatility and
significant price declines, and the availability of credit has decreased
significantly, making it more difficult for businesses to access capital.
Various macroeconomic factors impacted by the financial markets could
affect our business and the results of our operations. Macroeconomic
factors could affect the ability of patients to pay for co-pay costs.
Interest rates and the ability to access credit markets could affect the
ability of our customers/distributors to purchase, pay for, and
effectively distribute our products. Similarly, these macroeconomic
factors could also affect the ability of our sole-source or single-source
suppliers to remain in business or otherwise supply product; failure by
any of them to remain a going concern could affect our ability to
manufacture products. In addition, if inflation or other factors were to
significantly increase our business costs, it may not be feasible to pass
significant price increases on to our customers due to the process by
which physician reimbursement for our products is calculated by the
government.
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Critical
Accounting Policies and the Use of Estimates
The
accompanying discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of
operations are based on our Consolidated Financial Statements and the related
disclosures, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally
accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The preparation of these Consolidated
Financial Statements requires management to make estimates, assumptions, and
judgments that affect the reported amounts in our Consolidated Financial
Statements and accompanying notes. These estimates form the basis for the
carrying values of assets and liabilities. We base our estimates and judgments
on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be
reasonable under the circumstances, and we have established internal controls
related to the preparation of these estimates. Actual results and the timing of
the results could differ materially from these estimates.
We
believe the following policies to be critical to understanding our financial
condition, results of operations, and expectations for 2009, because these
policies require management to make significant estimates, assumptions, and
judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain.
Product
Sales Allowances
Revenue
from U.S. product sales is recorded net of allowances and accruals for rebates,
healthcare provider contractual chargebacks, prompt-pay sales discounts, product
returns, and wholesaler inventory management allowances, all of which are
established at the time of sale. Sales allowances and accruals are based
on estimates of the amounts earned or to be claimed on the related sales.
The amounts reflected in our Consolidated Statements of Income as product sales
allowances have been relatively consistent at approximately seven to eight
percent of gross sales. In order to prepare our Consolidated Financial
Statements, we are required to make estimates regarding the amounts earned or to
be claimed on the related product sales.
Definitions
for product sales allowance types are as follows:
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Rebate
allowances and accruals include both direct and indirect rebates. Direct
rebates are contractual price adjustments payable to direct customers,
mainly to wholesalers and specialty pharmacies that purchase products
directly from us. Indirect rebates are contractual price adjustments
payable to healthcare providers and organizations such as clinics,
hospitals, pharmacies, Medicaid, and group purchasing organizations that
do not purchase products directly from
us.
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Product
returns allowances are established in accordance with our Product Returns
Policy. Our returns policy allows product returns within the period
beginning two months prior to and six months following product
expiration.
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Prompt-pay
sales discounts are credits granted to wholesalers for remitting payment
on their purchases within established cash payment incentive
periods.
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Wholesaler
inventory management allowances are credits granted to wholesalers for
compliance with various contractually defined inventory management
programs. These programs were created to align purchases with underlying
demand for our products and to maintain consistent inventory levels,
typically at two to three weeks of sales depending on the
product.
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Healthcare
provider contractual chargebacks are the result of our contractual
commitments to provide products to healthcare providers at specified
prices or discounts.
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We
believe that our estimates related to wholesaler inventory management payments
are not material amounts, based on the historical levels of credits and
allowances as a percentage of product sales. We believe that our estimates
related to healthcare provider contractual chargebacks and prompt-pay sales
discounts do not have a high degree of estimation complexity or uncertainty, as
the related amounts are settled within a short period of time. We consider
rebate allowances and accruals and product returns allowances to be the only
estimations that involve material amounts and require a higher degree of
subjectivity and judgment to account for the obligations. As a result of the
uncertainties involved in estimating rebate allowances and accruals and
product returns allowances, there is a possibility that materially different
amounts could be reported under different conditions or using different
assumptions.
Our
rebates are based on definitive agreements or legal requirements (such as
Medicaid). Direct rebates are accrued at the time of sale and recorded as
allowances against trade accounts receivable; indirect rebates (including
Medicaid) are accrued at the time of sale and recorded as liabilities. Rebate
estimates are evaluated quarterly and may require changes to better align our
estimates with actual results. These rebates are primarily estimated and
evaluated using historical and other data, including patient usage, customer
buying patterns, applicable contractual rebate rates, contract performance by
the benefit providers, changes to Medicaid legislation and state rebate
contracts, changes in the level of discounts, and significant changes in product
sales trends. Although rebates are accrued at the time of sale, rebates are
typically paid out, on average, up to six months after the sale. We believe that
our rebate allowances and accruals estimation process provides a high degree of
confidence in the annual allowance amounts established. Annual provisions for
rebates were approximately 2% of gross product sales between 2006 and 2008.
Based on our estimation, the changes in rebate allowances and accruals
estimates related to prior years have not exceeded 3% of the rebate allowances
and accruals. To further illustrate our sensitivity to changes in the rebate
allowances and accruals process, a 10% change in our rebate allowances and
accruals provision in 2008 (which is in excess of three times the level of
variability that we reasonably expect to observe for rebates) would have an
approximately $20 million unfavorable
effect on our results (or approximately $0.01 per share). The total
rebate allowances and accruals recorded in our Consolidated Balance Sheets were
$85 million and $70 million as of December 31, 2008 and 2007,
respectively.
At
the time of sale, we record product returns allowances based on our best
estimate of the portion of sales that will be returned by our customers in the
future. Product returns allowances are established in accordance with our
returns policy, which allows buyers to return our products with two months or
less remaining prior to product expiration and up to six months following
product expiration. As part of the estimation process, we compare historical
returns data to the related sales on a production lot basis. Historical rates of
return are then determined by product and may be adjusted for known or expected
changes in the marketplace. Actual annual product returns processed were less
than 0.5% of gross product sales between 2006 and 2008, while annual
provisions for expected future product returns were less than 1% of gross
product sales in all such periods. Although product returns allowances are
recorded at the time of sale, the majority of the returns are expected to occur
within two years of sale. Therefore, our provisions for product returns
allowances may include changes in the estimate for a prior period due to the lag
time. However, to date such changes have not been material. For example, in
2008, changes in estimates for product returns allowances related to prior years
were approximately 0.3% of 2008 gross product sales. To illustrate our
sensitivity to changes in the product returns allowances, if we were to
experience an adjustment rate of 0.5% of 2008 gross product sales, which is
nearly twice the level of annual variability that we have historically observed
for product returns, that change in estimate would likely have an unfavorable
effect of approximately $50 million (or approximately $0.03 per share) on our
results of operations. Product returns allowances recorded in our Consolidated
Balance Sheets were $100 million and $60 million as of December 31, 2008 and
2007, respectively. The increase in product returns allowances in 2008 was
primarily due to the changes in estimates for product returns allowances related
to prior years.
All
of the aforementioned categories of allowances and accruals are evaluated
quarterly and adjusted when trends or significant events indicate that a change
in estimate is appropriate. Such changes in estimate could materially affect our
results of operations or financial position; however, to date they have not been
material. It is possible that we may need to adjust our estimates in future
periods. Our Consolidated Balance Sheets reflect estimated product sales
allowance reserves and accruals totaling $234 million and $176 million
as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively.
Royalties
For
many of our agreements with licensees, we estimate royalty revenue and royalty
receivables in the period that the royalties are earned, which is in advance of
collection. Royalties from Roche, which are approximately 60% of our total
royalty revenue, are reported using actual sales reports from Roche. Our royalty
revenue and receivables from non-Roche licensees are determined based on
communication with some licensees, historical information, forecasted sales
trends, and our assessment of collectibility. As all of these factors represent
an estimation process, there is inherent uncertainty and variability in our
recorded royalty revenue. Differences between actual royalty revenue and
estimated royalty revenue are adjusted for in the period in which they become
known, typically the following quarter. Since 2006, the changes in
estimates for our royalty revenue related to prior periods arising from this
estimation process has not exceeded 1% of total annual royalty revenue. To
further illustrate our sensitivity to the royalty estimation process, a 1%
adjustment to total annual royalty revenue, which is at the upper end of the
range of our historic experience, would result in an adjustment to our annual
royalty revenue of approximately $25 million (or approximately $0.01 to $0.02
per share, net of any related royalty expenses).
For
cases in which the collectibility of a royalty amount is not reasonably assured,
royalty revenue is not recorded in advance of payment but is recognized as cash
is received. In the case of a receivable related to previously recognized
royalty revenue that is subsequently determined to be uncollectible, the
receivable is reserved for by reversing the previously recorded royalty revenue
in the period in which the circumstances that make collectibility doubtful are
determined, and future royalties from the licensee are recognized on a cash
basis until it is determined that collectibility is reasonably
assured.
Royalties
include royalty revenue from confidential licensing agreements related to our
patents, including the Cabilly patent. The Cabilly patent, which expires in
December 2018, relates to methods that we and others use to make certain
antibodies or antibody fragments, as well as cells and DNA used in those
methods. The Cabilly patent is the subject of litigation and a Patent Office
reexamination proceeding. See also Note 9, “Leases, Commitments, and
Contingencies,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II,
Item 8 of this Form 10-K for more information on our Cabilly patent litigation
and reexamination.
Cabilly
patent royalties are generally due 60 days after the end of the quarter in which
they are earned. During the fourth quarter of 2008, we changed our process of
recognizing royalty revenue from a number of our Cabilly licensees from an
accrual basis to a cash basis based on our assessment of collectibility. As a
result of this change, royalty revenue decreased approximately $80 million in
the fourth quarter of 2008 compared to the third quarter of 2008. As of December
31, 2008, our Consolidated Balance Sheet included no Cabilly patent royalty
accounts receivable, reflecting the fact that now all of our Cabilly patent
royalties are recorded on a cash basis.
Income
Taxes
Our
income tax provision is computed using the liability method in accordance
with Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (FAS) No.
109, “Accounting for Income
Taxes.” Deferred
tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the
financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using tax rates
projected to be in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to
reverse. Significant estimates are required in determining our provision for
income taxes. Some of these estimates are based on interpretations of existing
tax laws or regulations, or the findings or expected results from any tax
examinations. Various internal and external factors may have favorable or
unfavorable effects on our future effective income tax rate. These factors
include, but are not limited to, changes in tax laws, regulations, and/or rates;
the results of any tax examinations;
changing
interpretations of existing tax laws or regulations; changes in estimates of
prior years’ items; past and future levels of R&D spending;
acquisitions; changes in our corporate structure; and changes in overall
levels of income before taxes—all of which may result in periodic revisions to
our effective income tax rate. Uncertain tax positions are accounted for in
accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Interpretation
No. 48, “Accounting for
Uncertainty in Income Taxes” (FIN 48). We accrue tax-related
interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions, and include these
items with income tax expense in the Consolidated Statements of
Income.
Loss
Contingencies
We
are currently, and have been, involved in certain legal proceedings, including
licensing and contract disputes, stockholder lawsuits, and other matters. See
Note 9, “Leases, Commitments, and Contingencies,” in the Notes to Consolidated
Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for more information
on these matters. We assess the likelihood of any adverse judgments or outcomes
for these legal matters as well as potential ranges of probable losses. We
record an estimated loss as a charge to income if we determine that, based on
information available at the time, the loss is probable and the amount of loss
can be reasonably estimated. If only a range of the probable loss can be
reasonably estimated, we accrue a liability at the low end of that
range. The nature of these matters is highly uncertain and subject to
change; as a result, the amount of our liability for certain of these matters
could exceed or be less than the amount of our current estimates, depending on
the final outcome of these matters. An outcome of such matters that differs from
our current estimates could have a material effect on our financial position or
our results of operations in any one quarter.
Inventories
Inventories
are stated at the lower of cost or market value. Determining market value
requires judgment about the future demand for our products and the likelihood of
regulatory approval in the cases of currently marketed products manufactured
under a new process or at facilities awaiting regulatory licensure. We
capitalize those inventories awaiting regulatory licensure if in our judgment at
the time of manufacture, near-term regulatory licensure is reasonably assured.
We may be required to expense previously capitalized inventory costs upon a
change in our estimate due to, among other potential factors, (i) the denial or
delay of approval of a product, (ii) the denial or delay of approval of the
licensure of either a manufacturing facility or a new manufacturing process by
the necessary regulatory bodies, or (iii) new information that suggests that the
inventory will not be salable. As of December 31, 2008 our inventory balance
included $133 million of inventories manufactured under a process or at a
facility that is awaiting regulatory licensure.
Further,
the valuation of inventory requires us to estimate the market value of inventory
that may expire prior to use based on our estimates of future demand for our
products. If inventory costs exceed expected market value due to obsolescence or
lack of demand, reserves are recorded for the difference between the cost and
estimated market or recoverable value. These reserves are determined based on
significant estimates, particularly estimated future demand for our products.
Future product demand estimates are based on management’s best estimates, after
evaluating numerous market conditions and product factors, including expected
market penetration rates, competitive products entrants, intellectual property
matters, the reimbursement environment, pricing, our distribution strategy as
well as those of our distribution partners, efficacy and safety data from
current and future clinical studies, and finalized regulatory actions with
respect to product labeling and usage guidelines, among other
factors.
Between
October 2, 2008 and February 10, 2009, we issued three Dear Healthcare Provider
letters to inform physicians of three cases of PML reported in Raptiva-treated
patients. On February 19, 2009, the EMEA announced its recommendation to suspend
the marketing authorization held by our collaborator, Merck Serono, for Raptiva
in the European Union. The EMEA’s announcement is not expected to result in
an impairment of the value of our Raptiva inventory. Also on February 19, 2009,
the FDA issued a public health advisory regarding Raptiva, which provided
warnings about PML and the use of Raptiva, and advised physicians to
periodically re-evaluate patients treated with Raptiva and to consider other
approved therapies to control patients’ psoriasis. We are currently in
discussions with the FDA regarding potential label changes and restrictions for
the use of Raptiva that could potentially have a materially adverse effect on
demand for the product in the U.S. Our discussions with the FDA have not been
finalized and we cannot yet reliably estimate the effect of any resultant
changes on future demand for Raptiva in the U.S. As of December 31, 2008, we
held approximately $130 million of Raptiva work-in-process and finished goods
inventory. If future FDA actions or other events or decisions lead to a
substantial decrease in expected demand for Raptiva in the U.S., we could
experience a material reduction in the market value of our Raptiva inventory and
be required to write-down a portion, or all, of that inventory. For example, if
our current discussions with the FDA result in significant new regulatory
requirements that affect how physicians prescribe Raptiva or other labeling
restrictions that would individually or collectively reduce demand for and use
of the product to a substantial extent, we believe that such actions would
result in the vast majority of our Raptiva inventory value being
impaired.
Employee
Stock-Based Compensation
Under
the provisions of FAS No. 123(R), “Share-Based Payment” (FAS
123R), employee stock-based compensation is estimated at the date of grant based
on the employee stock award’s fair value using the Black-Scholes option-pricing
model and is recognized as
expense
ratably over the requisite service period in a manner similar to other forms of
compensation paid to employees. The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires
the use of certain subjective assumptions. The most significant of these
assumptions are our estimates of the expected volatility of the market price of
our stock and the expected term of the award. Due to the redemption of our
Special Common Stock in June 1999 (Redemption) by Roche Holdings, Inc. (RHI),
there is limited historical information available to support our estimate of
certain assumptions required to value our stock options as an option grant
cycle lasts ten years. When establishing an estimate of the expected term of an
award, we consider the vesting period for the award, our recent historical
experience of employee stock option exercises (including post-vesting
forfeitures), the expected volatility, and a comparison to relevant peer group
data. As required under GAAP, we review our valuation assumptions at each grant
date, and, as a result, our valuation assumptions used to value employee
stock-based awards granted in future periods may change. See Note 3, “Retention
Plans and Employee Stock-Based Compensation,” in the Notes to Consolidated
Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for more
information.
Results
of Operations
(In
millions, except per share amounts)
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2008/2007 |
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2007/2006 |
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Product
sales
|
|
$ |
10,531 |
|
|
$ |
9,443 |
|
|
$ |
7,640 |
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12
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% |
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|
24
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% |
Royalties
|
|
|
2,539 |
|
|
|
1,984 |
|
|
|
1,354 |
|
|
|
28 |
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|
|
47 |
|
Contract
revenue
|
|
|
348 |
|
|
|
297 |
|
|
|
290 |
|
|
|
17 |
|
|
|
2 |
|
Total
operating revenue
|
|
|
13,418 |
|
|
|
11,724 |
|
|
|
9,284 |
|
|
|
14 |
|
|
|
26 |
|
Cost
of sales
|
|
|
1,744 |
|
|
|
1,571 |
|
|
|
1,181 |
|
|
|
11 |
|
|
|
33 |
|
Research
and development
|
|
|
2,800 |
|
|
|
2,446 |
|
|
|
1,773 |
|
|
|
14 |
|
|
|
38 |
|
Marketing,
general and administrative
|
|
|
2,405 |
|
|
|
2,256 |
|
|
|
2,014 |
|
|
|
7 |
|
|
|
12 |
|
Collaboration
profit sharing
|
|
|
1,228 |
|
|
|
1,080 |
|
|
|
1,005 |
|
|
|
14 |
|
|
|
7 |
|
Write-off
of in-process research and development related to
acquisition
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
77 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
(100 |
) |
|
|
– |
|
Gain
on acquisition
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
(121 |
) |
|
|
– |
|
|
|
(100 |
) |
|
|
– |
|
Recurring
amortization charges related to redemption and acquisition
|
|
|
172 |
|
|
|
132 |
|
|
|
105 |
|
|
|
30 |
|
|
|
26 |
|
Special
items: litigation-related
|
|
|
(260 |
) |
|
|
54 |
|
|
|
54 |
|
|
|
(581 |
) |
|
|
0 |
|
Total
costs and expenses
|
|
|
8,089 |
|
|
|
7,495 |
|
|
|
6,132 |
|
|
|
8 |
|
|
|
22 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Operating
income
|
|
|
5,329 |
|
|
|
4,229 |
|
|
|
3,152 |
|
|
|
26 |
|
|
|
34 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other
income (expense):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Interest
and other income, net
|
|
|
184 |
|
|
|
273 |
|
|
|
325 |
|
|
|
(33 |
) |
|
|
(16 |
) |
Interest
expense
|
|
|
(82 |
) |
|
|
(76 |
) |
|
|
(74 |
) |
|
|
8 |
|
|
|
3 |
|
Total
other income, net
|
|
|
102 |
|
|
|
197 |
|
|
|
251 |
|
|
|
(48 |
) |
|
|
(22 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Income
before taxes
|
|
|
5,431 |
|
|
|
4,426 |
|
|
|
3,403 |
|
|
|
23 |
|
|
|
30 |
|
Income
tax provision
|
|
|
2,004 |
|
|
|
1,657 |
|
|
|
1,290 |
|
|
|
21 |
|
|
|
28 |
|
Net
income
|
|
$ |
3,427 |
|
|
$ |
2,769 |
|
|
$ |
2,113 |
|
|
|
24 |
|
|
|
31 |
|
Earnings
per share:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Basic
|
|
$ |
3.25 |
|
|
$ |
2.63 |
|
|
$ |
2.01 |
|
|
|
24 |
|
|
|
31 |
|
Diluted
|
|
$ |
3.21 |
|
|
$ |
2.59 |
|
|
$ |
1.97 |
|
|
|
24 |
|
|
|
31 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cost
of sales as a % of product sales
|
|
|
17
|
% |
|
|
17
|
% |
|
|
15
|
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Research
and development as a % of total operating revenue
|
|
|
21 |
|
|
|
21 |
|
|
|
19 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Marketing,
general and administrative as a % of total operating
revenue
|
|
|
18 |
|
|
|
19 |
|
|
|
22 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pretax
operating margin
|
|
|
40 |
|
|
|
36 |
|
|
|
34 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net
income as a % of total operating revenue
|
|
|
26 |
|
|
|
24 |
|
|
|
23 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Effective
income tax rate
|
|
|
37 |
|
|
|
37 |
|
|
|
38 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
________________________
Percentages
in this table and throughout our discussion and analysis of financial condition
and results of operations may reflect rounding adjustments.
Total
Operating Revenue
Total
operating revenue increased 14% to $13,418 million in 2008 and increased 26% to
$11,724 million in 2007. These increases were primarily due to higher product
sales and royalty revenue, and are further discussed below.
Total
Product Sales
(In
millions)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Product Sales
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2008/2007 |
|
|
|
2007/2006 |
|
Net
U.S. product sales
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Avastin
|
|
$ |
2,686 |
|
|
$ |
2,296 |
|
|
$ |
1,746 |
|
|
|
17
|
% |
|
|
32
|
% |
Rituxan
|
|
|
2,587 |
|
|
|
2,285 |
|
|
|
2,071 |
|
|
|
13 |
|
|
|
10 |
|
Herceptin
|
|
|
1,382 |
|
|
|
1,287 |
|
|
|
1,234 |
|
|
|
7 |
|
|
|
4 |
|
Lucentis
|
|
|
875 |
|
|
|
815 |
|
|
|
380 |
|
|
|
7 |
|
|
|
114 |
|
Xolair
|
|
|
517 |
|
|
|
472 |
|
|
|
425 |
|
|
|
10 |
|
|
|
11 |
|
Tarceva
|
|
|
457 |
|
|
|
417 |
|
|
|
402 |
|
|
|
10 |
|
|
|
4 |
|
Nutropin
products
|
|
|
358 |
|
|
|
371 |
|
|
|
378 |
|
|
|
(4 |
) |
|
|
(2 |
) |
Thrombolytics
|
|
|
275 |
|
|
|
268 |
|
|
|
243 |
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
10 |
|
Pulmozyme
|
|
|
257 |
|
|
|
223 |
|
|
|
199 |
|
|
|
15 |
|
|
|
12 |
|
Raptiva
|
|
|
108 |
|
|
|
107 |
|
|
|
90 |
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
19 |
|
Total
net U.S. product sales
|
|
|
9,503 |
|
|
|
8,540 |
|
|
|
7,169 |
|
|
|
11 |
|
|
|
19 |
|
Net
product sales to collaborators
|
|
|
1,028 |
|
|
|
903 |
|
|
|
471 |
|
|
|
14 |
|
|
|
92 |
|
Total
net product sales
|
|
$ |
10,531 |
|
|
$ |
9,443 |
|
|
$ |
7,640 |
|
|
|
12 |
|
|
|
24 |
|
________________________
The
totals shown above may not appear to sum due to
rounding.
|
Total
net product sales increased 12% to $10,531 million in 2008 and increased 24% to
$9,443 million in 2007. Net U.S. sales increased 11% to $9,503 million in 2008
and increased 19% to $8,540 million in 2007. These increases in U.S. sales were
due to higher sales across almost all products, in particular higher sales of
our oncology products and sales resulting from the approval of Lucentis on June
30, 2006. Increased U.S. sales volume accounted for 74%, or approximately $710
million, of the increase in U.S. net product sales in 2008, and 83%, or
approximately $1,100 million in 2007. Changes in net U.S. sales prices across
the majority of products in the portfolio accounted for most of the remainder of
the increases in U.S. net product sales in 2008 and 2007.
References
below to market adoption and penetration, as well as patient share, are derived
from our analyses of market tracking studies and surveys that we undertake with
physicians. We consider these tracking studies and surveys indicative of trends
and information with respect to the usage and buying patterns of the
end-users of our products, and as indicative of the purchasing patterns of our
wholesaler customers. We use statistical analyses and management judgment to
interpret the data that we obtain, and as such, the adoption, penetration, and
patient share data presented herein represent management’s best estimates. In
general, we have rounded our percentage estimates to the nearest 5% due to
inherent margins of error that exist due to limitations in sample size and the
timeliness in receiving and analyzing this data. We may modify our market study
methodology in response to changes in the marketplace and how we manage the
business. If we have such a change, we will provide comparative prior period
data using the new methodology, if it is available.
Avastin
Net
U.S. sales of Avastin increased 17% to $2,686 million in 2008 and 32% to $2,296
million in 2007. Net U.S. sales in 2008 excluded net revenue of $5 million that
was deferred in connection with our Avastin Patient Assistance Program, and
net U.S. sales in 2007 included the net recognition of $7 million of previously
deferred revenue related to the program. The increase in sales in 2008 was
primarily due to increased use of Avastin for first-line treatment of metastatic
BC, which received accelerated approval from the FDA on February 22, 2008, as
well as from increased use in metastatic NSCLC. The increase in sales in 2007
was primarily a result of increased use of Avastin in first-line metastatic
NSCLC, and in metastatic BC, an unapproved use of Avastin during
2007.
Among
the approximately 50% to 60% of patients in first-line metastatic lung cancer
who are eligible for Avastin therapy, we estimate that penetration in the fourth
quarter of 2008 was approximately 65%, which is in-line with penetration
throughout the year, but an increase relative to in the fourth quarter of 2007.
Use of the standard dose, defined as at least
5 mg/kg/weekly-equivalent, during the fourth quarter of 2008 was
approximately 75%, in-line with the third quarter of 2008. The labeled dose of
Avastin in lung cancer is 15 mg/kg, administered intravenously every
three weeks. On April 20, 2008, we announced an update to the
previously reported Roche-sponsored international Phase III clinical study of
Avastin (AVAiL) in combination with gemcitabine and cisplatin chemotherapy in
patients with advanced, non-squamous, NSCLC. The update confirmed the
statistically significant improvement in the primary endpoint of PFS for the two
different doses of Avastin studied in the trial (15 mg/kg/every-three-weeks and
7.5 mg/kg/every-three-weeks) compared to chemotherapy alone. The study did not
demonstrate a statistically significant prolongation of overall survival, a
secondary endpoint, for either dose in combination with gemcitabine and
cisplatin chemotherapy compared to chemotherapy alone. Median survival of
patients in all arms of the study exceeded one year, longer than previously
reported survival times in this indication.
In
first-line metastatic BC patients, we estimate Avastin penetration in the fourth
quarter of 2008 was approximately 40%, which is consistent with the prior
quarter. With respect to dose, the percentage of metastatic BC patients
receiving the standard dose of Avastin, defined as
5 mg/kg/weekly-equivalent, was in-line with that seen in previous quarters.
The U.S. labeled dose of Avastin in metastatic BC is 10 mg/kg, administered
intravenously every two weeks. On November 23, 2008, we announced that the
RIBBON I study of Avastin in combination with taxane, anthracycline-based or
capecitabine chemotherapies for first-line treatment of metastatic HER2-negative
BC met its primary endpoint of increasing the time that patients lived without
their disease advancing, compared to chemotherapies alone. Data from RIBBON I
along with data from AVADO, the Roche-sponsored, placebo-controlled Phase III
trial, which evaluated two dose levels of Avastin, a
7.5 mg/kg/every-three-weeks dose and a 15 mg/kg/every-three-week dose,
in combination with docetaxel chemotherapy, will be submitted to the FDA by
mid-2009, and are required for the FDA under the conditions of the accelerated
approval we received on February 22, 2008. These data will be reviewed by
the FDA and may affect the Avastin approval in BC.
In
both first-line and second-line metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC), penetration
in the fourth quarter of 2008 was in-line with the third quarter of 2008 and the
fourth quarter of 2007.
On
September 30, 2008, we announced that we submitted an sBLA to the FDA for
Avastin as potential treatment for patients with advanced renal cell
carcinoma.
On
November 3, 2008, we announced that we submitted an sBLA to the FDA for Avastin
as a potential treatment for patients with previously treated glioblastoma. If
accepted by the FDA, the application would be considered for an accelerated
approval that allows provisional approval of medicines for cancer or other
life-threatening diseases based on preliminary evidence suggesting clinical
benefit. We plan to initiate a global Phase III study in patients with newly
diagnosed glioblastoma multiforme in the first half of 2009 that will evaluate
Avastin with standard of care chemotherapy and radiation.
The
NSABP is sponsoring an ongoing Phase III study (NSABP C-08) of Avastin plus
chemotherapy in patients with early-stage colon cancer. During 2008, we
announced that the NSABP informed us that the trial would continue, based on
recommendations from an independent data monitoring committee after planned
interim analyses and that the final efficacy and safety results were expected to
be available in 2009 rather than 2010 as was previously anticipated. We also
announced that the interim analyses showed no new or unexpected safety events in
the Avastin arm. On January 21, 2009, we announced that the NSABP informed us
that the results of the study could be known and communicated as early as
mid-April 2009. The exact timing of data availability will depend on the timing
of disease progression events. If the required number of disease progression
events as defined by the study’s statistical analytical plan has not occurred as
of mid-April, then the NSABP will continue the study and we anticipate that the
final results will most likely be known later in the second quarter of
2009.
Rituxan
Net
U.S. sales of Rituxan increased 13% to $2,587 million in 2008 and 10% to $2,285
million in 2007. Sales growth in 2008 and 2007 resulted from increased use of
Rituxan in the oncology setting and in the RA setting, and from price increases
in both years.
In
the oncology setting, the increases were due to the use of Rituxan following
chemotherapy in indolent NHL, including areas of unapproved use, and CLL, an
unapproved use. We estimate that Rituxan’s overall adoption rate in the combined
markets of NHL and CLL was approximately 85% for the fourth quarter of 2008, an
increase compared to the fourth quarter of 2007.
Primary
drivers of growth in the RA setting in 2008 were increased new patient starts
and increased total numbers of prescribers to an estimated 80% of targeted
rheumatologists. It remains difficult to precisely determine the sales split
between Rituxan use in oncology and immunology settings since many treatment
centers treat both types of patients, but we estimate that sales in the
immunology setting represented approximately 11% to 13% of total Rituxan sales
for 2008 compared to our revised estimate of approximately 8% to 10% of total
Rituxan sales for 2007.
In
January 2008, results from Rituxan Phase III SUNRISE trial met its primary
endpoint. This study was a controlled retreatment study for patients with RA who
have had an inadequate response to previous treatment with one or more tumor
necrosis factor (TNF) antagonist therapies. A preliminary review of the safety
data revealed no new safety signals.
On
January 24, 2008 we announced that the SERENE Phase III clinical study of
Rituxan in patients who have not been previously treated with a biologic met its
primary endpoint of a significantly greater proportion of Rituxan-treated
patients achieving an American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 20 response at week
24, compared to placebo. In this study, patients who received a single treatment
course of two infusions of either 500 milligrams or 1,000 milligrams of Rituxan
in combination with a stable dose of methotrexate displayed a statistically
significant improvement in ACR20 scores compared to patients who received
placebo in combination with methotrexate. Although the study was not designed to
compare the Rituxan doses, treatment efficacy appears to be similar between both
Rituxan doses.
On
January 25, 2008, the FDA approved our sBLA to expand the label for Rituxan to
include slowing the progression of structural damage in adult patients with
moderate-to-severe RA who have failed TNF antagonist therapies.
On
April 14, 2008, we and Biogen Idec announced that OLYMPUS, a Phase II/III study
of Rituxan for PPMS, did not meet its primary endpoint as measured by the time
to confirmed disease progression during the 96-week treatment
period.
On
April 29, 2008, we announced that the Phase II/III study of Rituxan for SLE did
not meet its primary endpoint defined as the proportion of Rituxan treated
patients who achieved a major clinical response or partial clinical response
measured by British Isles Lupus Assessment Group, a lupus activity response
index, compared to placebo at 52 weeks.
On
October 6, 2008, we and Biogen Idec announced that a global Phase III study of
Rituxan in combination with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide chemotherapy met
its primary endpoint of improving PFS, as assessed by investigators, in patients
with previously treated CD20-positive CLL compared to chemotherapy alone. There
were no new or unexpected safety signals reported in the study. An independent
review of the primary endpoint is being conducted for U.S. regulatory purposes.
Earlier in 2008, Roche announced that another Phase III study of Rituxan, CLL-8,
showed that a similar treatment combination improved PFS in patients with CLL
who had not previously received treatment.
On
December 18, 2008, we announced that the IMAGE trial, a Phase III study in
patients with early RA who have not been previously treated with methotrexate,
met its primary endpoint. Patients in the study received two infusions of either
500 milligrams or 1,000 milligrams of Rituxan or placebo in combination of
methotrexate. At 52 weeks, patients in the 1,000 milligrams treatment group met
the primary endpoint of prevention of progression of structural damage. The
safety data was consistent with previous studies and preliminary analysis did
not reveal any new or unexpected safety signals.
Herceptin
Net
U.S. sales of Herceptin increased 7% to $1,382 million in 2008 and 4% to $1,287
million in 2007. The sales growth in 2008 and 2007 was primarily due to price
increases that occurred from 2006 through 2008, and increased use of Herceptin
in the treatment of early-stage HER2-positive BC. We estimate that
Herceptin’s penetration in the adjuvant setting was approximately 75% for the
fourth quarter of 2008, which was in-line with the fourth quarter of 2007. In
first-line HER2-positive metastatic BC patients, we estimate that Herceptin’s
penetration was approximately 75% for the fourth quarter of 2008, which was also
in-line with the fourth quarter of 2007.
On
January 18, 2008, the FDA expanded the Herceptin label, based on the HERA study,
for the treatment of patients with early-stage HER2-positive BC to include
treatment for patients with node-negative BC.
On
May 29, 2008, the FDA expanded the Herceptin label, based on the BCIRG 006
study, for the treatment of patients with early-stage HER2-positive BC to
include Herceptin given with docetaxel and carboplatin. Herceptin also may now
be administered for one year in an every-three-week dosing schedule, instead of
weekly.
Lucentis
Lucentis
was approved by the FDA for the treatment of neovascular (wet) age-related
macular degeneration (AMD) on June 30, 2006. Net U.S. sales of Lucentis
increased 7% to $875 million in 2008 and 114% to $815 million in
2007. The primary drivers of growth in 2008 were increased dosing and an
improving market environment. Our most recent market research on dosing has
shown an increase in the number of Lucentis injections in the patients’ first
and second year of treatment. We believe that approximately 40% of newly
diagnosed patients with wet AMD were treated with Lucentis during the fourth
quarter of 2008, which remained broadly stable throughout 2008, and decreased
from approximately 50% in the fourth quarter of 2007. We believe that key
factors affecting Lucentis sales in 2008 and 2007 were the continued unapproved
use of Avastin and reimbursement concerns from retinal specialists. Lucentis
received a permanent J-code classification from the Centers for Medicare and
Medicaid Services in January 2008, which we believe addressed some of the
reimbursement concerns. The launch of improved patient access programs in March
2008, a revised promotional campaign, and enhanced distribution options for
Lucentis that began in May 2008 also contributed to the sales growth in 2008. In
October 2007 we announced that we planned to no longer allow compounding
pharmacies the ability to purchase Avastin directly from wholesale distributors,
and this change in distribution was made effective on January 1, 2008. However,
physicians can purchase Avastin from authorized distributors and ship to the
destination of the physicians’ choice.
Although
sales increased in 2008, the AMD market remains challenging with the continued
unapproved use of Avastin and reimbursement concerns of retinal specialists. We
expect these factors to persist and limit Lucentis share growth.
In
December, 2008, we issued a Dear Healthcare Provider letter to inform
prescribing physicians that multiple cases of intraocular adverse events,
including serious intraocular inflammatory reactions, following injection with
Avastin had been reported in Canada. A single lot of Avastin which was
distributed in Canada and 11 other countries outside the U.S. accounted for 25
of the 36 cases. We and Roche confirmed that the Avastin production lot had
passed all quality inspections for its approved intravenous use in
oncology.
Xolair
Net
U.S. sales of Xolair increased 10% to $517 million in 2008 and 11% to $472
million in 2007. Sales growth in 2008 and 2007 was driven by increased
penetration in the asthma market and, to a lesser extent, price increases
effective between 2006 and 2008. Increased sales in 2008 were consistent with
our efforts to increase adoption of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood
Institute asthma guidelines, which recommend that physicians consider Xolair as
a standard part of therapy. At the FDA’s request, we and Novartis Pharma AG
and affiliates (Novartis), our co-promotion collaborator, updated the Xolair
product label in June 2007 with a boxed warning regarding the risk of
anaphylaxis in patients receiving Xolair. As part of our continuing discussions
with the FDA, on January 29, 2009, the FDA requested that we, as the BLA holder,
submit a draft Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy.
In
the fourth quarter of 2008, we submitted an sBLA for Xolair to extend our
current asthma indication to include children six years and older.
Tarceva
Net
U.S. sales of Tarceva increased 10% to $457 million in 2008 and 4% to $417
million in 2007. The sales growth in 2008 was primarily due to price increases
in 2008 and 2007 and slightly lower return reserve requirements compared to
2007. We estimate that Tarceva’s penetration in second-line NSCLC was
approximately 25% for the fourth quarter of 2008, which was in-line with the
fourth quarter of 2007. In the first-line pancreatic cancer setting, we estimate
that Tarceva’s penetration was approximately 40% in 2008, which was also in-line
compared to the fourth quarter of 2007.
Sales
in 2007 were positively affected by price increases during 2007 and 2006. These
increases, however, were partially offset by higher product returns and return
reserve requirements in the second and third quarters of 2007 and by modest
decreases in volume in 2007.
On
October 5, 2008, we and OSI Pharmaceuticals announced that a randomized Phase
III study (BeTa Lung) evaluating Avastin in combination with Tarceva in patients
with advanced NSCLC whose disease had progressed following platinum-based
chemotherapy did not meet its primary endpoint of improving overall survival
compared to Tarceva in combination with a placebo. However, there was evidence
of clinical activity with improvements in the secondary endpoints of PFS and
response rate when Avastin was added to Tarceva compared to Tarceva alone. No
new or unexpected safety signals for either Avastin or Tarceva were observed in
the study, and adverse events were consistent with those observed in previous
NSCLC clinical trials evaluating the agents.
On
November 6, 2008, we and OSI Pharmaceuticals announced that a global Phase III
study (SATURN) met its primary endpoint and showed Tarceva significantly
extended the time patients with advanced NSCLC lived without their cancer
getting worse when given immediately following initial treatment with
platinum-based chemotherapy, compared to placebo. There were no new or
unexpected safety signals in the study and adverse events were consistent with
those observed in previous NSCLC clinical trials evaluating Tarceva. We and
OSI Pharmaceuticals will discuss a potential U.S. filing based on SATURN
with the FDA in 2009.
On
February 2, 2009, we announced that a Phase III study (ATLAS) of Tarceva in
combination with Avastin as maintenance therapy following initial treatment with
Avastin plus chemotherapy in advanced NSCLC met its primary endpoint. The study
was stopped early on the recommendation of an independent data safety monitoring
board after a pre-planned interim analysis showed that combining Tarceva and
Avastin significantly extended the time patients lived without their disease
advancing, as defined by PFS, compared to Avastin plus placebo. A preliminary
safety analysis showed that adverse events were consistent with previous Avastin
or Tarceva studies, as well as trials evaluating the two medicines together, and
no new safety signals were observed.
Nutropin
Products
Combined
net U.S. sales of our Nutropin products decreased 4% to $358 million in 2008 and
decreased 2% to $371 million in 2007.
Thrombolytics
Combined
net U.S. sales of our three thrombolytics products—Activase, Cathflo Activase,
and TNKase—increased 3% to $275 million in 2008 and 10% to $268 million in
2007.
Pulmozyme
Net
U.S. sales of Pulmozyme increased 15% to $257 million in 2008 and 12% to $223
million in 2007.
Raptiva
Net
U.S. sales of Raptiva increased 1% to $108 million in 2008 and increased 19% to
$107 million in 2007.
On
October 2, 2008, we announced that we issued a Dear Healthcare Provider letter
to inform physicians of a case of PML in a 70-year-old patient who had received
Raptiva for more than four years for treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis. The
patient subsequently died. On October 16, 2008, revised prescribing information
for Raptiva was approved by the FDA. A boxed warning was added that includes the
recently reported case of PML and updated information on the risk of serious
infections leading to hospitalizations and death in patients receiving Raptiva.
The updated label also includes a warning about certain neurologic events as
well as precautions regarding immunizations and pediatric use. A Dear Healthcare
Provider letter was issued to communicate this updated prescribing information
to physicians. On November 17, 2008, we announced that we issued a Dear
Healthcare Provider letter to inform physicians of a second case of PML that
resulted in the death of a 73-year old patient who had received Raptiva for
approximately four years for treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis. On February
10, 2009, a Dear Healthcare Provider letter was sent to physicians to inform
them of a third case of PML in a 47-year-old patient who had received Raptiva
for more than three years for the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis. On
February 19, 2009, our collaborator, Merck Serono, and separately the EMEA,
announced that the EMEA recommended the suspension of the marketing
authorization for Raptiva from Merck Serono, and that the EMEA’s CHMP has
concluded that the benefits of Raptiva no longer outweigh its risks because of
safety concerns, including the occurrence of PML in patients taking the
medicine. Also on February 19, 2009, the FDA issued a public health advisory
regarding Raptiva, which provided warnings about PML and the use of Raptiva, and
advised physicians to periodically re-evaluate patients treated with Raptiva and
to consider other approved therapies to control patients’ psoriasis. We believe
that Raptiva increases the risk of PML and that prolonged exposure to Raptiva or
older age may further increase this risk. It is likely that this new safety
information will affect usage patterns of Raptiva and we will likely see a
reduction in demand in the future. We have submitted updated labeling to the
FDA, and are working with the FDA to determine the appropriate next steps, which
may include, among other things, significant restrictions in the use of or
suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approval for
Raptiva.
Sales
to Collaborators
Product
sales to collaborators, which were for non-U.S. markets, increased 14% to $1,028
million in 2008 and 92% to $903 million in 2007. The increase in 2008 was
primarily due to increased sales of Avastin, Rituxan, and Herceptin to Roche.
The increase in 2007 was primarily due to more favorable Herceptin pricing terms
that were part of the supply agreement with Roche signed in the third quarter of
2006 and increased sales volume of Avastin and Herceptin. The favorable
Roche Herceptin pricing terms concluded at the end of 2008.
For
2009, we expect sales to collaborators to decrease mainly due to lower volume
and the conclusion of the favorable Roche Herceptin pricing terms, but the
timing and amount of these sales can vary based on the production and order plan
and other contractual issues.
Royalties
Royalty
revenue increased 28% to $2,539 million in 2008 and 47% to $1,984 million in
2007. The increases were due to higher sales by Roche of Herceptin, Avastin, and
Rituxan (which is marketed as MabThera® in most
countries outside of the U.S.) in 2008 and 2007, and higher sales by various
other licensees, including increased sales by Novartis of Lucentis. The increase
in 2007 was also due to an acceleration of royalties during 2007, as discussed
below. Approximately $115 million of the increase in 2008 was due to net
foreign-exchange-related benefits from the weaker U.S. dollar during the year
compared to 2007. Of the overall royalties recognized, royalty revenue from
Roche represented 61% in 2008 and 2007 and 62% in 2006.
In
June 2007, we entered into a transaction with an existing licensee to license
from it the right to co-develop and commercialize certain molecules. In
exchange, we released the licensee from its obligation to make certain royalty
payments to us that would have otherwise been owed between January 2007 and June
2010, and that period may be extended contingent upon certain events as defined
in the agreement. We estimate that the fair value of the royalty revenue owed to
us over the three-and-a-half-year period, less any amount recognized in the
first quarter of 2007, was approximately $65 million, and this amount was
recognized as royalty revenue in the second quarter of 2007. We also recognized
a similar amount as R&D expense for the purchase of the new license, and
thus the net earnings per share (EPS) effect of entering into this new
collaboration was not significant in 2007.
Royalties
include royalty revenue from confidential licensing agreements related to our
patents, including the Cabilly patent. The Cabilly patent expires in December
2018, but is the subject of litigation and a Patent Office reexamination
proceeding. During the fourth quarter of 2008, we changed our process of
recognizing royalty revenue from a number of our Cabilly licensees from an
accrual basis to a cash basis. As a result of this change, royalty revenue
decreased approximately $80 million in the fourth quarter of 2008 compared to
the third quarter of 2008. The contributions related to the Cabilly patent were
as follows (in
millions, except per
share amounts):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Royalty
revenue
|
|
$ |
298 |
|
|
$ |
256 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
COH’s
share of royalty revenue
|
|
$ |
61 |
|
|
$ |
50 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net
of tax effect of our Cabilly licensing agreements on diluted EPS(1)
|
|
$ |
0.14 |
|
|
$ |
0.12 |
|
______________________
(1)
|
In
addition, we record royalty expense in our COS for Cabilly-related
payments to COH based on our U.S. product sales. Including the effect of
these COS royalties, the net of tax effect of the Cabilly patent on
diluted EPS was $0.09 and $0.08 in 2008 and 2007,
respectively.
|
See
also Note 9, “Leases, Commitments, and Contingencies,” in the Notes to
Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for more
information on our Cabilly patent reexamination and the Centocor, Inc. (a
wholly-owned subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson) lawsuit related to the Cabilly
patent.
Cash
flows from royalty income include revenue denominated in foreign currencies. We
currently enter into foreign currency option contracts (options) and forwards to
hedge a portion of these foreign currency cash flows. These options and forwards
are due to expire in 2009 and 2010. See also Note 2, “Summary of
Significant Accounting Policies,” and Note 4, “Investment Securities and
Financial Instruments—Derivative Financial Instruments,” in the Notes to
Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form
10-K.
Royalties
are difficult to forecast because of the number of products involved, ongoing
licensing and intellectual property disputes, and the volatility of foreign
currency exchange rates. In 2009, we have the particular uncertainties
associated with recent U.S. dollar volatility and the unknown effect of the
current macroeconomic environment on our licensees’ product sales. Roche’s
royalty rate for Rituxan will decrease during 2009 in a number of countries that
make up a significant portion of European sales, which will cause a reduction in
our 2009 royalties in the range of $125 million to $150 million, offset by a
corresponding decrease in our marketing, general and administrative (MG&A)
expenses based on a decrease in the royalty expense that we will pay Biogen
Idec.
Contract
Revenue
Contract
revenue increased 17% to $348 million in 2008, and increased 2% to $297
million in 2007. The increase in 2008 was mainly due to reimbursements from
Roche related to R&D efforts, recognition of a portion of the previously
deferred opt-in payment received from Roche related to our trastuzumab drug
conjugate products, and new product opt-ins from Roche. Contract revenue in 2008
also included our share of European profits related to Xolair and manufacturing
service payments related to Xolair, which Novartis pays us as a result of our
acquisition of Tanox in 2007. However, these increases were partially offset by
lower reimbursements from Roche related to R&D efforts on Avastin and the
receipt of a milestone payment from Novartis in 2007 for European Union approval
of
Lucentis
for the treatment of patients with AMD. Included in contract revenue in 2008 was
$227 million of R&D expense reimbursements that were received from certain
collaborators. Included in contract revenue in 2007 was $196 million of
R&D expense reimbursements that were received from certain
collaborators. The increase in 2007 was primarily due to
the previously mentioned Lucentis milestone payment from Novartis, higher
reimbursements from Biogen Idec related to R&D efforts on
ocrelizumab, and recognition of previously deferred revenue from an opt-in
payment from Roche on Rituxan. See “Related Party Transactions” below for
more information on contract revenue from Roche.
Contract
revenue varies each quarter and is dependent on a number of factors, including
the timing and level of reimbursements from ongoing development efforts,
milestone and opt-in payments received, changes in the relationships we have
with our partners, and new contract arrangements.
Cost
of Sales
Cost
of sales (COS) as a percentage of net product sales was 17% in 2008 and 2007,
and 15% in 2006. COS in 2008 included approximately $90 million in charges
related to unexpected failed lots, delays from manufacturing start-up campaigns
at one of our facilities, and excess capacity. COS in 2008 also included
employee stock-based compensation expense of $82 million.
The
increase in COS as a percentage of sales in 2007 was due to the recognition of
employee stock-based compensation expense of $71 million, related to products
sold for which employee stock-based compensation expense was previously
capitalized as part of inventory costs in 2006, and a higher volume of lower
margin sales to collaborators. COS in 2007 included a non-recurring charge of
approximately $53 million, resulting from our decision to cancel and buy out a
future manufacturing obligation. However, COS as a percentage of product sales
in 2007 was favorably affected by increased U.S. sales of our higher margin
products, primarily Avastin, Lucentis, Rituxan, and Herceptin, and the effects
of a price increase on sales of Herceptin to Roche, which started in the third
quarter of 2006 and concluded at the end of 2008.
Research
and Development
Research
and development (R&D) expenses increased 14% in 2008 and 38% in 2007 to
$2,800 million and $2,446 million, respectively. R&D expense as a percentage
of total operating revenue was 21% in 2008 and 2007, and 19% in
2006.
The
increase in 2008 was primarily due to (i) increased development expenses,
resulting from increased spending on clinical programs, mainly related to our
GDC 0449 (Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitor) program, immunology programs, our drug
conjugate products and other programs, including those related to collaboration
arrangements entered into in 2007, and early-stage projects, (ii) expenses
related to the retention plans approved by the Special Committee in 2008 of $66
million, and (iii) increased research costs, mainly due to increased internal
personnel and related expenses. R&D expense in 2008 also included $105
million of in-licensing expense related to our new collaboration entered into
with Roche and GlycArt for GA101.
The
increase in 2007 was due to (i) increased development expenses resulting from
increased activity across our entire product portfolio, increased spending on
clinical programs, early stage projects and higher clinical manufacturing
expenses in support of our clinical trials, (ii) increased research expenses,
mainly due to increased internal personnel and related expenses, and (iii)
increased in-licensing expense due to new collaborations with Abbott for
the global research, development, and commercialization of two of Abbott’s
investigational anti-cancer, small molecule compounds: ABT-263 and ABT-869;
Seattle Genetics, Inc. for the development and commercialization of a humanized
monoclonal antibody clinical trials for multiple myeloma, CLL, NHL, and
diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; BioInvent to co-develop and commercialize a
monoclonal antibody for the potential treatment of cardiovascular disease;
and Altus related to a subcutaneously administered, once-per-week
formulation of human growth hormone. The collaboration with Altus was terminated
in 2007.
Marketing,
General and Administrative
Overall
marketing, general and administrative (MG&A) expenses increased 7% to
$2,405 million in
2008 and 12% to $2,256 million in 2007.
MG&A as a percentage of total operating revenue was 18% in 2008, 19% in 2007
and 22% in 2006. The decline in this ratio primarily reflects the increase in
operating revenue and our efforts to manage our infrastructure and support
costs.
The
increase in 2008 expense relative to 2007 was primarily due to: (i)
expenses related to retention plans approved by the Special Committee of $69
million, (ii) an increase in royalty expense of $67 million, primarily to Biogen
Idec resulting from higher sales of Rituxan by Roche, and (iii) legal and
advisory fees incurred on behalf of the Special Committee and by the company in
connection with the Roche Proposal. These increases were partially offset by
lower property and equipment write-offs compared to 2007.
The
increase in 2007 expense relative to 2006 was primarily due to: (i) an
increase in royalty expense, primarily to Biogen Idec resulting from higher
sales of Rituxan by Roche, (ii) increases resulting from ongoing marketing
efforts with established products, primarily Herceptin, and newly launched
products, including Rituxan for RA and Lucentis, (iii) increases in charitable
contributions related to increased donations to independent public charities
that provide co-pay assistance to eligible patients, (iv) an increase related to
post-acquisition costs for Tanox, and (v) an increase related to property and
equipment write-offs.
Collaboration
Profit Sharing
Collaboration
profit sharing expenses increased 14% to $1,228 million in 2008 and 7% to $1,080
million in 2007 primarily due to higher sales of Rituxan as well as higher
U.S. sales of Tarceva and Xolair. The increase in 2007 was partially offset by a
decrease in profit sharing expense related to Xolair operations outside the
U.S.
The
following table summarizes the amounts resulting from the respective profit
sharing collaborations, for the periods presented (in millions):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2008/2007 |
|
|
|
2007/2006 |
|
U.S.
Rituxan profit sharing expense
|
|
$ |
848 |
|
|
$ |
730 |
|
|
$ |
672 |
|
|
|
16
|
% |
|
|
9
|
% |
U.S.
Tarceva profit sharing expense
|
|
|
191 |
|
|
|
165 |
|
|
|
146 |
|
|
|
16 |
|
|
|
13 |
|
Xolair
profit sharing expense
|
|
|
189 |
|
|
|
185 |
|
|
|
187 |
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
(1 |
) |
Total
collaboration profit sharing expense
|
|
$ |
1,228 |
|
|
$ |
1,080 |
|
|
$ |
1,005 |
|
|
|
14 |
|
|
|
7 |
|
We
and Novartis share the U.S. and European operating profits for Xolair according
to prescribed profit sharing percentages. Generally, we evaluate whether we are
a net recipient or payer of funds on an annual basis in our cost and profit
sharing arrangements. Net amounts received on an annual basis under such
arrangements are classified as contract revenue, and net amounts paid on an
annual basis are classified as collaboration profit sharing expense. With
respect to the U.S. operating results, for the full years 2008, 2007 and 2006 we
were a net payer to Novartis. As a result, for 2008, 2007, and 2006 the portion
of the U.S. operating results that we owed to Novartis was recorded as
collaboration profit sharing expense. With respect to the European operating
results, for the full year of 2008, we were a net recipient from Novartis and
for the full years in 2007 and 2006 we were a net payer to Novartis. As a
result, for 2008, the portion of the European operating results that Novartis
owed us was recorded as contract revenue. For the same periods in 2007 and 2006,
however, our portion of the European operating results was recorded as
collaboration profit sharing expense. Effective with our 2007 acquisition of
Tanox, Novartis also makes additional profit sharing payments to us on U.S.
sales of Xolair, which reduces our profit sharing expense.
Currently,
our most significant collaboration profit sharing agreement is with Biogen Idec,
with whom we co-promote Rituxan in the U.S. Under the collaboration agreement,
Biogen Idec granted us a worldwide license to develop, commercialize, and market
Rituxan in multiple indications. In exchange for these worldwide rights, Biogen
Idec has co-promotion rights in the U.S. and a contractual arrangement under
which we share a portion of the pretax
U.S.
co-promotion profits of Rituxan, and we pay royalty expense based on sales of
Rituxan by collaborators. In June 2003, we amended and restated the
collaboration agreement with Biogen Idec to include the development and
commercialization of one or more anti-CD20 antibodies targeting B-cell
disorders, in addition to Rituxan, for a broad range of indications. In October
2008, Biogen Idec exercised their right under this agreement to opt in to our
collaboration agreement with Roche and GlycArt for the joint development and
commercialization of GA101.
Under
the amended and restated collaboration agreement, our share of the current
pretax U.S. co-promotion profit sharing formula is approximately 60% of
operating profits, and Biogen Idec’s share is approximately 40% of operating
profits. For each calendar year or portion thereof following the approval date
of the first new anti-CD20 product, after a period of transition, our share of
the pretax U.S. co-promotion profits will change to approximately 70% of
operating profits, and Biogen Idec’s share will be approximately 30% of
operating profits.
Collaboration
profit sharing expense, exclusive of R&D expenses, related to Biogen Idec
for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007, and 2006, consisted of the
following commercial activity (in millions):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2008/2007 |
|
|
|
2007/2006 |
|
Product
sales, net
|
|
$ |
2,587 |
|
|
$ |
2,285 |
|
|
$ |
2,071 |
|
|
|
13
|
% |
|
|
10
|
% |
Combined
commercial costs and expenses
|
|
|
579 |
|
|
|
552 |
|
|
|
489 |
|
|
|
5 |
|
|
|
13 |
|
Combined
co-promotion profits
|
|
$ |
2,008 |
|
|
$ |
1,733 |
|
|
$ |
1,582 |
|
|
|
16 |
|
|
|
10 |
|
Amount
due to Biogen Idec for their share of co-promotion profits–included in
collaboration profit sharing expense
|
|
$ |
848 |
|
|
$ |
730 |
|
|
$ |
672 |
|
|
|
16 |
|
|
|
9 |
|
In
addition to Biogen Idec’s share of the combined co-promotion profits for
Rituxan, collaboration profit sharing expense includes the quarterly
settlement of Biogen Idec’s portion of the combined commercial costs. Since we
and Biogen Idec each individually incur commercial costs related to Rituxan, and
the spending mix between the parties can vary, collaboration profit sharing
expense as a percentage of sales can also vary accordingly.
Total
revenue and expenses related to our collaboration with Biogen Idec included the
following (in
millions):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2008/2007 |
|
|
|
2007/2006 |
|
Contract
revenue from Biogen Idec (R&D reimbursement)
|
|
$ |
122 |
|
|
$ |
108 |
|
|
$ |
79 |
|
|
|
13
|
% |
|
|
37
|
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Co-promotion
profit sharing expense
|
|
$ |
848 |
|
|
$ |
730 |
|
|
$ |
672 |
|
|
|
16 |
|
|
|
9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Royalty
expense on sales of Rituxan outside the U.S. and other patent
costs–included in MG&A expense
|
|
$ |
294 |
|
|
$ |
247 |
|
|
$ |
175 |
|
|
|
19 |
|
|
|
41 |
|
Contract
revenue from Biogen Idec primarily reflects the net reimbursement to us for
development and post-marketing costs we incurred on joint development projects
less amounts owed to Biogen Idec on their development efforts on these
projects.
Write-off
of In-process Research and Development Related to Acquisition
In
connection with the acquisition of Tanox in the third quarter of 2007, we
recorded a $77 million charge for in-process research and development. This
charge primarily represents acquired R&D for label extensions for Xolair
that have not yet been approved by the FDA and require significant further
development. We expect to continue further developing these label extensions
until a decision is made to file for a label extension or to discontinue
development efforts. We expect these development efforts to be completed from
2009 to 2013, if they are not abandoned sooner.
Gain
on Acquisition
The
acquisition of Tanox is considered to include the settlement of our 1996 license
arrangement of certain intellectual property and rights thereon from
Tanox. Under EITF 04-1, a business combination between parties with a
preexisting relationship should be evaluated to determine if a settlement of
that preexisting relationship exists. We measured the amount that the license
arrangement is favorable, from our perspective, by comparing it to estimated
pricing for current market transactions for intellectual property
rights similar to Tanox’s intellectual property rights related to Xolair.
In connection with the settlement of this license arrangement, we recorded a
gain of $121 million on a pretax basis, in accordance with EITF
04-1.
Recurring
Charges Related to Redemption and Acquisition
On
June 30, 1999, RHI exercised its option to cause us to redeem all of our Special
Common Stock held by stockholders other than RHI. The Redemption was reflected
as the purchase of a business, which under GAAP required push-down accounting to
reflect in our financial statements the amounts paid for our stock in excess of
our net book value (see Note 1, “Description of Business—Redemption of Our
Special Common Stock,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part
II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K).
In
the third quarter of 2007, we acquired Tanox. In connection with the
acquisition, we recorded approximately $814 million of intangible assets,
representing developed product technology and core technology, which
are being amortized over 12 years.
We
recorded recurring charges related to the amortization of intangibles associated
with the Redemption and push-down accounting and our 2007 acquisition of Tanox.
These charges were $172 million in 2008, $132 million in 2007, and $105
million in 2006.
Special
Items: Litigation-Related
The
California Supreme Court heard our appeal on the COH matter on February 5, 2008,
and on April 24, 2008 overturned the award of $200 million in punitive damages
to COH but upheld the award of $300 million in compensatory damages. As a
result of the California Supreme Court decision, we reversed a $300 million net
litigation accrual related to the punitive damages and accrued interest,
which we recorded as “Special items: litigation related” in our Consolidated
Statements of Income for 2008. In 2007 and 2006, we recorded accrued
interest and bond costs on both the compensatory and punitive damages totaling
$54 million. We and COH have had discussions, but have not reached
agreement, regarding additional royalties and other amounts owed by us to COH
under the 1976 agreement for third-party product sales and settlement of a
third-party patent litigation that occurred after the 2002 judgment. We recorded
additional costs of $40 million in 2008 as “Special items: litigation-related”
based on our estimate of our range of liability in connection with the
resolution of these issues. See Note 9, “Leases, Commitments, and
Contingencies,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II,
Item 8 of this Form 10-K for further information regarding our
litigation.
Operating
Income
Operating
income increased 26% to $5,329 million in 2008 and increased 34% to $4,229
million in 2007. Our operating income as a percentage of operating revenue
(pretax operating margin) was 40% in 2008, 36% in 2007, and 34% in
2006.
Other
Income (Expense)
The
components of “Other income (expense)” are as follows (in millions):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2008/2007 |
|
|
|
2007/2006 |
|
Gains
on sales of biotechnology equity securities, net
|
|
$ |
109 |
|
|
$ |
22 |
|
|
$ |
93 |
|
|
|
395
|
% |
|
|
(76 |
)
% |
Write-downs
of biotechnology debt and equity securities
|
|
|
(16 |
) |
|
|
(20 |
) |
|
|
(4 |
) |
|
|
(20 |
) |
|
|
400 |
|
Interest
income
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Investment
income
|
|
|
157 |
|
|
|
300 |
|
|
|
230 |
|
|
|
(48 |
) |
|
|
30 |
|
Impairment
charges
|
|
|
(67 |
) |
|
|
(30 |
) |
|
|
– |
|
|
|
123 |
|
|
|
– |
|
Interest
expense
|
|
|
(82 |
) |
|
|
(76 |
) |
|
|
(74 |
) |
|
|
8 |
|
|
|
3 |
|
Other
miscellaneous income
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
6 |
|
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
(83 |
) |
Total
other income, net
|
|
$ |
102 |
|
|
$ |
197 |
|
|
$ |
251 |
|
|
|
(48 |
) |
|
|
(22 |
) |
Total
other income, net, decreased 48% to $102 million in 2008, and decreased 22% to
$197 million in 2007. For 2008, the decrease was
driven primarily by lower investment income due to lower yields, losses on the
sale of investments and by unrealized losses on our trading portfolios. In
addition, we recorded impairment charges of $67 million in 2008 on certain U.S.
government agency and financial institution securities compared to a $30 million
write-off of a fixed income investment in 2007. These losses and charges were
partially offset by net gains on sales of biotechnology equity
securities.
For
2007, gains on sales of biotechnology equity securities, net, were lower
compared to 2006, mainly due to 2006 gains on sales of approximately $79 million
related to Amgen’s acquisition of Abgenix, Pfizer’s acquisition of Rinat,
Stiefel Laboratories’ acquisition of Connetics Corporation, and AstraZeneca’s
acquisition of Cambridge Antibody Technology. Investment income in 2007 was
higher compared to 2006 due to higher average cash balances, partially offset by
lower yields.
Income
Tax Provision
The
effective income tax rate was 37% in 2008 and 2007, and 38% in 2006. The
effective income tax rate in 2008 included a settlement with the Internal
Revenue Services (IRS) for an item related to prior years. The effective income
tax rate in 2007 was lower than in 2006, primarily due to the increase in the
domestic manufacturing deduction.
We
adopted the provisions of FIN 48 on January 1, 2007. Implementation of FIN 48
did not result in any adjustment to our Consolidated Statements of Income or a
cumulative adjustment to retained earnings. As a result of the implementation of
FIN 48, we reclassified $147 million of unrecognized tax benefits from current
liabilities to long-term liabilities.
Various
internal and external factors may have favorable or unfavorable effects on our
future effective income tax rate. These factors include, but are not limited to,
changes in tax laws, regulations and/or rates, the results of any tax
examinations, changing interpretations of existing tax laws or regulations,
changes in estimates to prior years’ items, past and future levels of R&D
spending, acquisitions, changes in our corporate structure, and changes in
overall levels of income before taxes; all of which may result in periodic
revisions to our effective income tax rate.
Relationship
with Roche
As
a result of the Redemption and subsequent public offerings, we amended our
certificate of incorporation and bylaws, amended our licensing and marketing
agreement with Roche Holding AG and affiliates (Roche), and entered into or
amended certain agreements with RHI, which are discussed below.
Affiliation
Arrangements
Our
Board of Directors consists of three RHI directors, three independent directors
nominated by a nominating committee currently controlled by RHI, and one
Genentech employee. However, under our bylaws, RHI has the right to obtain
proportional representation on our Board at any time.
Except
as follows, the affiliation arrangements do not limit RHI’s ability to buy or
sell our Common Stock. If RHI and its affiliates sell their majority ownership
of shares of our Common Stock to a successor, RHI has agreed that it will cause
the successor to agree to purchase all shares of our Common Stock not held by
RHI as follows:
Ÿ
|
with
consideration, if that consideration is composed entirely of either cash
or equity traded on a U.S. national securities exchange, in the same form
and amounts per share as received by RHI and its affiliates;
and
|
Ÿ
|
in
all other cases, with consideration that has a value per share not less
than the weighted-average value per share received by RHI and its
affiliates as determined by a nationally recognized investment bank that
will be appointed by a committee of our independent
directors.
|
If
RHI owns more than 90% of our Common Stock for more than two months, RHI has
agreed that it will, as soon as reasonably practicable, effect a merger of
Genentech with RHI or an affiliate of RHI in compliance with the terms of the
Affiliation Agreement.
RHI
has agreed, as a condition to any merger of Genentech with RHI or the sale of
our assets to RHI:
Ÿ
|
the
merger or sale must be authorized by the favorable vote of a majority of
non-RHI stockholders, provided no person will be entitled to cast more
than 5% of the votes at the meeting;
or
|
Ÿ
|
in
the event such a favorable vote is not obtained, the value of the
consideration to be received by non-RHI stockholders would be equal to or
greater than the average of the means of the ranges of fair values for the
Common Stock as determined by two nationally recognized investment banks
that will be appointed by a committee of our independent
directors.
|
The
July 1999 Affiliation Agreement with RHI (Affiliation Agreement) provides that
without the prior approval of the directors designated by RHI, we may not
approve:
Ÿ
|
any
acquisition, sale, or other disposal of all or a portion of our business
representing 10% or more of our assets, net income, or
revenue;
|
Ÿ
|
any
issuance of capital stock except under certain circumstances;
or
|
Ÿ
|
any
repurchase or redemption of our capital stock other than a redemption
required by the terms of any security and purchases made at fair market
value in connection with any deferred compensation
plans.
|
Licensing
Agreements Related to Genentech Products
We
have a July 1999 amended and restated licensing and marketing agreement with
Roche and its affiliates granting them an option to license, use, and sell our
products in non-U.S. markets. The major provisions of that agreement include the
following:
Ÿ
|
Roche
may exercise its option to license our products upon the occurrence of any
of the following: (1) the filing of the first Investigational New Drug
Application (IND) for a product; (2) the date by which Genentech has
clinical trial data and other information sufficient to enable the first
Phase III trial in the U.S. (Phase II Completion) for a product; or (3)
provided Roche has paid a fee of $10 million (Option Extension Fee) within
a certain time following its decision not to exercise the option in (2)
above, the date by which the first Phase III Trial for a product is
completed and the results are known, available, analyzed and, in
Genentech’s reasonable judgment, enable a U.S. BLA/NDA
filing;
|
Ÿ
|
Roche’s
options expire on October 25, 2015 except that Roche maintains: (1) a
Phase II Completion option for those products for which Genentech has
filed an IND prior to October 25, 2015, but which have not reached Phase
II Completion; and (2) an option at Phase III completion for those
products for which Roche had paid the Option Extension Fee at the Phase II
Completion prior to October 25,
2015;
|
Ÿ
|
If
Roche exercises its option to license a product, it has agreed to
reimburse Genentech for development costs as follows: (1) if
exercise occurs upon the filing of an IND, Roche will pay 50% of
development costs incurred prior to the filing and 50% of development
costs subsequently incurred; (2) if exercise occurs at the completion
of the first Phase II trial, Roche will pay 50% of development costs
incurred through completion of the trial, 75% of development costs
subsequently incurred for the initial indication, and 50% of subsequent
development costs for new indications, formulations or dosing schedules;
(3) if the exercise occurs at the completion of a Phase III trial,
Roche will pay 50% of development costs incurred through completion of
Phase II, 75% of development costs incurred through completion of Phase
III, and 75% of development costs subsequently incurred; and half of the
Option Extension Fee paid by Roche to preserve its right to exercise its
option at the completion of a Phase III trial will be credited against the
total development costs payable to Genentech upon the exercise of the
option; and (4) each of Genentech and Roche have the right to “opt-out” of
sharing development costs for an additional indication for a product for
which Roche exercised its option, but could “opt-back-in” within 30 days
of the other party’s decision to file for approval of the indication by
paying twice what they would have owed for development of the indication
if they had not opted out;
|
Ÿ
|
We
agreed, in general, to manufacture for and supply to Roche its clinical
requirements of our products at cost, and its commercial requirements at
cost plus a margin of 20%; however, Roche will have the right to
manufacture our products under certain
circumstances;
|
Ÿ
|
Roche
has agreed to pay, for each product for which Roche exercises its
licensing option upon the filing of an IND or completion of the first
Phase II trial, a royalty of 12.5% on the first $100 million on its
aggregate sales of that product and thereafter a royalty of 15% on its
aggregate sales of that product in excess of $100 million until the later
in each country of the expiration of our last relevant patent or 25 years
from the first commercial introduction of that
product;
|
Ÿ
|
Roche
will pay, for each product for which Roche exercises its licensing option
after completion of a Phase III trial, a royalty of 15% on its sales of
that product until the later in each country of the expiration of our last
relevant patent or 25 years from the first commercial introduction of that
product; however, the second half of the Option Extension Fee paid by
Roche related to a product will be credited against royalties payable to
us in the first calendar year of sales by Roche in which aggregate sales
of that product exceed $100 million;
and
|
Ÿ
|
For
certain products for which Genentech is paying a royalty to
Biogen Idec, including Rituxan, Roche shall pay Genentech a royalty
of 20% on sales of such product in Roche’s licensed territory. Once
Genentech is no longer obligated to pay a royalty to Biogen Idec on
sales of such products in each country, Roche shall then pay Genentech a
royalty on sales of 10% on the first $75 million on its aggregate sales of
that product and thereafter a royalty of 8% on its aggregate sales of that
product in excess of $75 million until the later in each country of the
expiration of our last relevant patent or 25 years from the first
commercial introduction of that product. During the fourth quarter of
2008, our obligation to pay a royalty to Biogen Idec on sales of Rituxan
ended in certain countries. The shift from the 20% royalty on Rituxan to
the lower 8% to 10% royalty rate will occur in certain countries during
2009 and beyond.
|
We
have further amended this licensing and marketing agreement with Roche to delete
or add certain Genentech products under Roche’s commercialization and marketing
rights for Canada.
We
also have a July 1998 licensing and marketing agreement related to anti-HER2
antibodies (including Herceptin and pertuzumab) with Roche, providing them with
exclusive marketing rights outside of the U.S. Under the agreement, Roche funds
one-half of the global development costs incurred in connection with developing
anti-HER2
antibody
products under the agreement. Either Genentech or Roche has the right to
“opt-out” of developing an additional indication for a product and would not
share the costs or benefits of the additional indication, but could
“opt-back-in” within 30 days of the other party’s decision to file for approval
of the indication by paying twice what would have been owed for development of
the indication if no opt-out had occurred. Roche has also agreed to make royalty
payments of 20% on aggregate net sales of a product outside the U.S. up to $500
million in each calendar year and 22.5% on such sales in excess of $500 million
in each calendar year. In December 2007, Roche opted-in to our trastuzumab drug
conjugate products under terms similar to those of the existing anti-HER2
agreement (see also “Related Party Transactions” below).
Licensing
Agreements Related to Roche Products
We
have entered into certain licensing agreements with Roche and its affiliates
that grant us licenses to develop and commercialize products discovered by Roche
and its affiliates.
In
May 2008, Roche acquired Piramed Limited (Piramed), a privately held entity
based in the United Kingdom.
Prior to the Roche acquisition of Piramed, we had entered into a
licensing agreement with Piramed related to molecules targeting the PI3 kinase
pathway. As a result of Roche’s acquisition of Piramed, we now are party to this
agreement with Roche and Piramed. Under the terms of the agreement Genentech
could make future milestone and royalty payments to Roche. Roche retains the
option to acquire rights to develop and commercialize certain products outside
of the United States at the end of Phase II in exchange for an opt-in fee,
royalties and a potential share of future development costs.
In
June 2008, we entered into a licensing agreement with Roche under which we
obtained rights to a preclinical small-molecule drug development program. The
future R&D costs incurred under the agreement and any profit and loss from
global commercialization are to be shared equally with Roche.
In
September 2008, we entered into a collaboration agreement with Roche and GlycArt
for the joint development and commercialization of GA101, a humanized anti-CD20
monoclonal antibody for the potential treatment of hematological malignancies
and other oncology-related B-cell disorders such as NHL. The future global
R&D costs incurred under the agreement are to be shared equally with
Roche. We received commercialization rights in the U.S. and have the right to
manufacture our own commercial requirements for the U.S. In October 2008, Biogen
Idec exercised the right under our collaboration agreement with them to opt in
to this agreement.
Research
Collaboration Agreement
We
have an April 2004 research collaboration agreement with Roche that outlines the
process by which Roche and Genentech may agree to conduct and share in the costs
of joint research on certain molecules. The agreement further outlines how
development and commercialization efforts will be coordinated with respect to
select molecules, including the financial provisions for a number of different
development and commercialization scenarios undertaken by either or both
parties.
Manufacturing
Agreements
We
signed two product supply agreements with Roche in July 2006, each of which was
amended in November 2007. The Umbrella Manufacturing Supply Agreement (Umbrella
Agreement) supersedes our existing product supply agreements with Roche. The
Short-Term Supply Agreement (Short-Term Agreement) supplements the terms of the
Umbrella Agreement. Under the Short-Term Agreement, Roche has agreed to purchase
specified amounts of Herceptin, Avastin and Rituxan through 2008. Under the
Umbrella Agreement, Roche has agreed to purchase specified amounts of Herceptin
and Avastin through 2012 and, on a perpetual basis, either party may order other
collaboration products from the other party, including Herceptin and Avastin
after 2012, pursuant to certain forecast terms. The Umbrella Agreement also
provides that either party may terminate its obligation to purchase and/or
supply Avastin and/or Herceptin with six years notice on or after December 31,
2007. To date, we have not provided to or received from Roche such notice
of termination.
In
July 2008, we signed an agreement with Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., a
Japan-based entity and part of Roche, under which we agreed to manufacture
Actemra, a product of Chugai, at our Vacaville, California facility. After an
initial term of five years, the agreement may be terminated subject to certain
terms and conditions under the contract.
Tax
Sharing Agreement
We
have a tax sharing agreement with RHI. If we and RHI elect to file a combined
state and local tax return in certain states where we may be eligible, our tax
liability or refund with RHI for such jurisdictions will be calculated on a
stand-alone basis.
RHI’s Ability to Maintain Percentage
Ownership Interest in Our Stock
We
issue shares of Common Stock in connection with our stock option and stock
purchase plans, and we may issue additional shares for other purposes. Our
Affiliation Agreement with RHI provides, among other things, that with respect
to any issuance of our Common Stock in the future, we will repurchase a
sufficient number of shares so that immediately after such issuance, the
percentage of our Common Stock owned by RHI will be no lower than 2% below the
“Minimum Percentage” (subject to certain conditions). The Minimum Percentage
equals the lowest number of shares of Genentech Common Stock owned by RHI since
the July 1999 offering (to be adjusted in the future for dispositions of shares
of Genentech Common Stock by RHI as well as for stock splits or stock
combinations) divided by 1,018,388,704 (to be adjusted in the future for stock
splits or stock combinations), which is the number of shares of Genentech Common
Stock outstanding at the time of the July 1999 offering, as adjusted for stock
splits. We have repurchased shares of our Common Stock since 2001 (see
discussion below in “Liquidity and Capital Resources”). The Affiliation
Agreement also provides that, upon RHI’s request, we will repurchase shares of
our Common Stock to increase RHI’s ownership to the Minimum Percentage. In
addition, RHI will have a continuing option to buy stock from us at prevailing
market prices to maintain its percentage ownership interest. Under the terms of
the Affiliation Agreement, RHI’s Minimum Percentage is 57.7% and RHI’s
ownership percentage is to be no lower than 55.7%. At December 31, 2008, RHI’s
ownership percentage was 55.8%.
The
Roche Proposal and the Roche Tender Offer
We
announced on July 21, 2008 that we received the Roche Proposal and on July
24, 2008 we announced that the Special Committee was formed to review and
consider the terms and conditions of the Roche Proposal, any business
combination with Roche or any offer by Roche to acquire our securities,
negotiate as appropriate, and, in the Special Committee’s discretion,
recommend or not recommend the acceptance of the Roche Proposal by the
minority shareholders. On August 13, 2008, we announced that the Special
Committee had unanimously concluded that the Roche Proposal substantially
undervalues the company, but that the Special Committee would consider a
proposal that recognizes the value of the company and reflects the significant
benefits that would accrue to Roche as a result of full ownership. On January
30, 2009, Roche announced that it intended to commence a tender offer which
would replace the Roche Proposal that was announced on July 21, 2008. On January
30, 2009, in response to the announcement by Roche, the Special Committee urged
shareholders to take no action with respect to the announcement by Roche and
that the Special Committee will announce a formal position within 10 business
days following the commencement of such a tender offer by Roche. On February 9,
2009, Roche commenced the Roche Tender Offer. The Roche Tender Offer is
conditional upon, among other things, (i) a non-waivable condition that holders
of at least a majority of the outstanding publicly-held Genentech shares tender
their shares in the Roche Tender Offer and (ii) a condition, which may be waived
by Roche in its sole discretion, that Roche has obtained sufficient financing to
purchase all outstanding publicly-held Genentech shares and all Genentech shares
issuable upon exercise of outstanding options and to pay related fees and
expenses. The Roche Tender Offer includes other conditions as identified in
Roche’s Schedule TO that was filed with the SEC on February 9, 2009. Also on
February 9, 2009, the Special Committee urged shareholders to take no action
with respect to the Roche Tender Offer. The Special Committee also announced
that it intended to take a formal position within 10 business days of the
commencement of the Roche Tender Offer, and will explain in detail its reasons
for that position by filing a Statement on Schedule 14D-9 with the
SEC.
Roche
Proposal-Related Costs
On
August 18, 2008, we announced that the Special Committee adopted two retention
plans that were implemented in lieu of our 2008 annual stock option
grant and two severance plans that were adopted in addition to our existing
severance plans. See Note 3, “Retention Plans and Employee Stock-Based
Compensation,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II,
Item 8 of this Form 10-K for more information on the retention plans. In
addition, the Special Committee and the company have incurred and will continue
to incur third-party legal and advisory costs in connection with the Roche
Proposal and the Roche Tender Offer that are included in the “Marketing, general
and administrative” expenses line of our Consolidated Statements of
Income.
The
cost of the retention plans adopted by the Special Committee on August 18, 2008
is estimated to be approximately $375 million payable in cash. The cash amount
is approximately equal to the value of the stock options that would have been
granted in our 2008 option grant program, calculated with the methodology used
in our financial statements to value our options (Black-Scholes) and applying a
discount rate. The discount rate reflects the earlier payment dates of the
retention bonus relative to the vesting schedule that would have applied to the
planned option grants. The timing of the payments related to these plans will
depend on the outcome of the Roche Tender Offer or any other tender offer or
other proposal by Roche to acquire all of the outstanding shares of our Common
Stock not owned by Roche. If a merger of Genentech with Roche or an affiliate of
Roche has not occurred on or before June 30, 2009, we will pay the retention
bonus at that time, in accordance with the terms of the plans. We are currently
recognizing the retention plan costs in our financial statements ratably over
the period from August 18, 2008 to June 30, 2009. If a merger of Genentech with
Roche or an affiliate of Roche has occurred on or before June 30, 2009, the
timing of the payments and the recognition of the expense will depend upon the
terms of the merger. During 2008, total costs for the retention plans were $162
million, of which $135 million was recognized as expense and $27 million was
capitalized into inventory, which will be recognized as COS as products
manufactured after the initiation of the retention plans are estimated to be
sold.
In
addition, the Special Committee and the company retained attorneys and
third-party advisors in connection with the Roche Proposal and the Roche Tender
Offer. The amount and timing of the payment of the third-party legal and
advisory costs also depends on the resolution of matters relating to the Roche
Proposal and the Roche Tender Offer. Third-party legal and advisory costs
incurred in 2008 were $18 million.
The
retention plan and third-party legal and advisory costs were as follows
(in
millions):
|
|
|
|
Retention
plan costs(1)
|
|
|
|
Research
and development
|
|
$ |
66 |
|
Marketing,
general and administrative
|
|
|
69 |
|
Total
retention plan costs
|
|
|
135 |
|
Third-party
legal and advisory costs incurred by us on behalf of the Special
Committee
|
|
|
14 |
|
Other
third-party legal and advisory costs
|
|
|
4 |
|
Total retention plan costs and legal and advisory costs
|
|
|
153 |
|
Tax
effect related to Roche Proposal-related costs
|
|
|
(60 |
) |
Roche Proposal-related costs, net of tax
|
|
$ |
93 |
|
Effect on earnings per share:
|
|
|
|
|
Basic
|
|
$ |
0.09 |
|
Diluted
|
|
$ |
0.09 |
|
_______________________
(1)
|
In
2008, an additional $27 million of retention plan costs were capitalized
into inventory, which will be recognized as COS as products that were
manufactured after the initiation of the retention plans are estimated to
be sold.
|
Related
Party Transactions
We
enter into transactions with our related parties, Roche and Novartis. The
accounting policies that we apply to our transactions with our related parties
are consistent with those applied in transactions with independent third
parties.
In
our royalty and supply arrangements with related parties, we are the principal,
as defined under EITF Issue No. 99-19, “Reporting Revenue Gross as a
Principal versus Net as an Agent” (EITF 99-19), because we
bear the manufacturing risk, general inventory risk, and the risk to defend our
intellectual property. For circumstances in which we are the principal in the
transaction, we record the transaction on a gross basis in accordance with EITF
99-19. Otherwise, our transactions are recorded on a net basis.
Roche
Under
the July 1999 amended and restated licensing and commercialization agreement,
Roche has the right to opt in to development programs that we undertake on our
products at certain pre-defined stages of development. Previously, Roche also
had the right to develop certain products under the July 1998 licensing and
commercialization agreement related to anti-HER2 antibodies (including
Herceptin, pertuzumab, and trastuzumab-DM1). When Roche opts in to a program, we
generally record the opt-in payments that we receive as deferred revenue,
which we recognize over the expected development periods or product life, as
appropriate. During 2008, we received approximately $110 million from Roche
related to opt-ins to various programs, most of which was recorded as deferred
revenue. As of December 31, 2008, the amounts in short-term and long-term
deferred revenue related to opt-in payments received from Roche were $57 million
and $214 million, respectively. In 2008, 2007, and 2006, we recognized $76
million, $40 million, and $27 million, respectively, as contract revenue related
to opt-in payments previously received from Roche.
In
February 2008, Roche acquired Ventana Medical Systems, Inc., and as a result of
the acquisition, Ventana is considered a related party. We have engaged in
transactions with Ventana prior to and since the acquisition.
In
May 2008, Roche acquired Piramed. Prior to the Roche
acquisition of Piramed, we had entered into a licensing agreement with Piramed
related to molecules targeting the PI3 kinase pathway.
In
June 2008, we entered into a licensing agreement with Roche under which we
obtained rights to a preclinical small-molecule drug development program. We
recorded $35 million in R&D expense in the second quarter of 2008 related to
this agreement. The future R&D costs incurred under the agreement and any
profit and loss from global commercialization will be shared equally with
Roche.
In
July 2008, we signed an agreement with Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., a
Japan-based entity and part of Roche, under which we agreed to manufacture
Actemra, a product of Chugai, at our Vacaville, California facility. After an
initial term of five years, the agreement may be terminated subject to certain
terms and conditions under the contract.
In
August 2008, we entered into a Companion Diagnostics Master Agreement with Roche
Molecular Systems (RMS) under which we have the ability to work with RMS to
develop companion diagnostics based on RMS’ polymerase chain reaction platform
technology.
In
September 2008, we entered into a collaboration agreement with Roche and GlycArt
for the joint development and commercialization of GA101, a humanized anti-CD20
monoclonal antibody for the potential treatment of hematological malignancies
and other oncology-related B-cell disorders such as NHL. We recorded $105
million in R&D expense in 2008 related to this collaboration. The future
global R&D costs incurred under the agreement will be shared equally with
Roche. We received commercialization rights in the U.S. and have the right to
manufacture our own commercial requirements for the U.S. In October 2008, Biogen
Idec exercised the right under our collaboration agreement with them to opt in
to this agreement and paid us an up-front fee of $32 million as part of the
opt-in, which we will recognize ratably as contract revenue over the future
development period.
We
currently have no commercialized products subject to profit sharing arrangements
with Roche.
Under
our existing arrangements with Roche, including our licensing and marketing
agreement, we recognized the following amounts (in millions):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Product
sales to Roche
|
|
$ |
868 |
|
|
$ |
768 |
|
|
$ |
359 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Royalties
earned from Roche
|
|
$ |
1,544 |
|
|
$ |
1,206 |
|
|
$ |
846 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Contract
revenue from Roche
|
|
$ |
138 |
|
|
$ |
95 |
|
|
$ |
125 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cost
of sales on product sales to Roche
|
|
$ |
472 |
|
|
$ |
422 |
|
|
$ |
268 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R&D
expenses incurred on joint development projects with Roche
|
|
$ |
336 |
|
|
$ |
259 |
|
|
$ |
213 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
In-licensing
expenses to Roche
|
|
$ |
145 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
Certain
R&D expenses are partially reimbursable to us by Roche. Amounts that Roche owes us, net of
amounts reimbursable to Roche by us
on those projects, are recorded as contract
revenue. Conversely, R&D expenses may
include the net settlement of amounts we owe Roche for R&D expenses that
Roche incurred on joint development projects, less amounts reimbursable to us by
Roche on these projects.
Novartis
Based
on information available to us at the time of filing this Form 10-K, we believe
that Novartis holds approximately 33.3% of the outstanding voting shares of
Roche. As a result of this ownership, Novartis is deemed to have an indirect
beneficial ownership interest under FAS No. 57, “Related Party
Disclosures”
(FAS 57), of more than 10% of our voting stock.
We
have an agreement with Novartis Pharma AG (a wholly-owned subsidiary of Novartis
AG) under which Novartis Pharma AG has the exclusive right to develop and market
Lucentis outside the U.S. for indications related to diseases or disorders of
the eye. As part of this agreement, the parties share the cost of certain of our
ongoing development expenses for Lucentis.
We
and Novartis are co-promoting Xolair in the U.S and co-developing Xolair in both
the U.S. and Europe. We record sales, COS, and marketing and sales expenses in
the U.S.; Novartis markets the product in and records sales, COS, and marketing
and sales expenses in Europe and also records marketing and sales expenses in
the U.S. We and Novartis share the resulting U.S. and European operating profits
according to prescribed profit sharing percentages. Generally, we evaluate
whether we are a net recipient or payer of funds on an annual basis in our cost
and profit sharing arrangements. Net amounts received on an annual basis under
such arrangements are classified as contract revenue, and net amounts paid on an
annual basis are classified as collaboration profit sharing expense. With
respect to the U.S. operating results, for the full years of 2008, 2007, and
2006 we were a net payer to Novartis. As a result, for 2008, 2007, and 2006, the
portion of the U.S. operating results that we owed to Novartis was recorded as
collaboration profit sharing expense. With respect to the European operating
results, for the full year of 2008, we were a net recipient from Novartis and
for the full years of 2007 and 2006 we were a net payer to Novartis. As a
result, for 2008, the portion of the European operating results that Novartis
owed us was recorded as contract revenue. For the same periods in 2007 and 2006,
however, our portion of the European operating results was recorded as
collaboration profit sharing expense. Effective with our acquisition of Tanox on
August 2, 2007, Novartis also makes: (1) additional profit sharing payments
to us on U.S. sales of Xolair, which reduces our profit sharing
expense; (2) royalty payments to us on sales of Xolair worldwide, which we
record as royalty revenue; and (3) manufacturing service payments related to
Xolair, which we record as contract revenue.
Under
our existing arrangements with Novartis, we recognized the following amounts
(in
millions):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Product
sales to Novartis
|
|
$ |
12 |
|
|
$ |
10 |
|
|
$ |
5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Royalties
earned from Novartis
|
|
$ |
241 |
|
|
$ |
95 |
|
|
$ |
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Contract
revenue from Novartis
|
|
$ |
60 |
|
|
$ |
70 |
|
|
$ |
40 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cost
of sales on product sales to Novartis
|
|
$ |
9 |
|
|
$ |
10 |
|
|
$ |
4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R&D
expenses incurred on joint development projects with
Novartis
|
|
$ |
43 |
|
|
$ |
43 |
|
|
$ |
38 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Collaboration
profit sharing expense to Novartis
|
|
$ |
189 |
|
|
$ |
185 |
|
|
$ |
187 |
|
Contract
revenue in 2007 included a $30 million milestone payment from Novartis for
European Union approval of Lucentis for the treatment of neovascular (wet)
AMD.
Certain
R&D expenses are partially reimbursable to us by Novartis. The amounts that Novartis owes us, net
of amounts reimbursable to Novartis
by us
on
those projects, are recorded as contract
revenue. Conversely, R&D expenses may
include the net settlement of amounts we owe Novartis for R&D expenses that
Novartis incurred on joint development projects, less amounts reimbursable to us
by Novartis on these projects.
See
Note 11, “Acquisition of Tanox, Inc.,” in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for
information on Novartis’ share of the proceeds resulting from our acquisition of
Tanox.
Financial
Assets and Liabilities
On January
1, 2008, we adopted FAS No. 157, “Fair Value Measurements” (FAS 157), which
established a framework for measuring fair value in GAAP and clarified the
definition of fair value within that framework. FAS 157 also established a fair
value hierarchy that prioritizes the use inputs used in valuation techniques
into the following three levels:
Level
1—quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and
liabilities
Level
2—observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical
assets and liabilities
Level
3—unobservable inputs
A
substantial majority of our financial instruments are Level 1 and Level 2
assets. As of December 31, 2008, the fair value of our Level 1 assets was $3.9
billion consisting primarily of cash, money market instruments, U.S. Treasury
securities and marketable equity securities in biotechnology companies with
which we have collaboration agreements. Included in this amount were gross
unrecognized gains and losses of approximately $257 million and $1 million
respectively, primarily related to marketable equity securities.
Our
Level 2 assets include corporate bonds, commercial paper, government and agency
securities, municipal bonds, asset-backed securities, preferred
securities, and other derivatives. As of December 31, 2008, the fair value
of our Level 2 assets was $5.6 billion, consisting primarily of corporate bonds,
commercial paper, government and agency securities, municipal bonds and bonds
denominated in foreign currencies but hedged to U.S. dollars. During 2008, we
significantly reduced or eliminated our holdings in investments with a higher
risk profile such as commodities, non-investment grade debt, preferred and
asset-backed securities. Asset-backed securities and preferred securities
represented about 1% of the total value of Level 2 assets as of December 31,
2008. Included in our Level 2 assets were gross unrecognized losses of
approximately $45 million primarily related to corporate bonds offset by
approximately $45 million of gross unrecognized gains primarily related to
government-backed securities. In addition, the fair value of our Level 2 assets
included approximately $45 million in gross unrecognized gains related to
foreign currency derivative contracts that are held to hedge forecasted
foreign-currency-denominated royalty
revenue
and interest rate swaps used to hedge interest rate movements that impact the
fair value of our Senior Notes. In 2008, the U.S. Treasury announced actions
that significantly reduced the value of U.S. government agency preferred
securities, which we hold as investments. As a result, we recorded an impairment
charge of $46 million during 2008.
As
of December 31, 2008, our Level 3 assets consisted of student loan auction-rate
securities and the preferred securities of an insolvent company. As of
December 31, 2008, we held $145 million of investments, which were measured
using unobservable (Level 3) inputs, representing about 2% of the total fair
value of our investment portfolio. Student loan auction-rate securities of $145
million were valued based on broker-provided valuation models, which approximate
fair value. In addition our Level 3 assets included preferred securities in
a financial institution that declared bankruptcy during 2008. We recorded an
impairment charge of $21 million during 2008 to fully impair these preferred
securities, because we do not expect to recover the value of these assets during
the bankruptcy proceedings. We also transferred the preferred securities to
Level 3 assets from Level 2 assets.
The
following table sets forth the fair value of our financial assets and
liabilities reported on a recurring basis, including those pledged as
collateral, or restricted (in millions).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash
and cash equivalents
|
|
$ |
4,533 |
|
|
$ |
– |
|
|
$ |
2,514 |
|
|
$ |
– |
|
Restricted
cash
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
788 |
|
|
|
– |
|
Short-term
investments
|
|
|
1,665 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
1,461 |
|
|
|
– |
|
Long-term
marketable debt securities
|
|
|
3,060 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
1,674 |
|
|
|
– |
|
Total
fixed income investment portfolio
|
|
|
9,258 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
6,437 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Long-term
marketable equity securities
|
|
|
287 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
416 |
|
|
|
– |
|
Total
derivative financial instruments
|
|
|
83 |
|
|
|
31 |
|
|
|
30 |
|
|
|
19 |
|
Total
|
|
$ |
9,628 |
|
|
$ |
31 |
|
|
$ |
6,883 |
|
|
$ |
19 |
|
Liquidity
and Capital Resources
(In
millions)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
December
31:
|
|
|
|
Unrestricted
cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments and long-term marketable
debt and equity securities
|
|
$ |
9,545 |
|
|
$ |
6,065 |
|
|
$ |
4,325 |
|
Net
receivable—equity hedge instruments
|
|
|
40 |
|
|
|
24 |
|
|
|
50 |
|
Total
unrestricted cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments, long-term
marketable debt and equity securities, and equity hedge
instruments
|
|
$ |
9,585 |
|
|
$ |
6,089 |
|
|
$ |
4,375 |
|
Working
capital
|
|
$ |
6,978 |
|
|
$ |
4,835 |
|
|
$ |
3,547 |
|
Current
ratio
|
|
3.3:1
|
|
|
2.2:1
|
|
|
2.6:1
|
|
Year
ended December 31:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash
provided by (used in):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Operating
activities
|
|
$ |
3,955 |
|
|
$ |
3,230 |
|
|
$ |
2,138 |
|
Investing
activities
|
|
|
(1,667 |
) |
|
|
(1,865 |
) |
|
|
(1,681 |
) |
Financing
activities
|
|
|
(269 |
) |
|
|
(101 |
) |
|
|
(432 |
) |
Capital
expenditures (included in investing activities above)
|
|
|
(751 |
) |
|
|
(977 |
) |
|
|
(1,214 |
) |
Total
unrestricted cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments, and long-term
marketable securities, including the estimated fair value of the related equity
hedge instruments, were $9.6 billion at December 31, 2008, an increase of $3.5
billion, or 57%, from December 31, 2007. This increase primarily reflects cash
generated from operations, increases from stock option exercises, and the
release of restricted cash and investments as a result of the COH litigation
settlement; partially offset by cash used for the repurchase of our Common
Stock, capital expenditures, the COH litigation settlement payment, and a
financing payment related to the construction of a manufacturing facility
in
Singapore.
To mitigate the risk of market value fluctuations, one of our biotechnology
equity securities is hedged with forward contracts, which are carried at
estimated fair value. See Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting
Policies—Comprehensive Income,” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial
Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for further information
regarding activity in our marketable investment portfolio and derivative
instruments.
See
“Our Affiliation Agreement with RHI could limit our ability to make acquisitions
or divestitures” and “To pay our indebtedness will require a significant amount
of cash and may adversely affect our operations and financial results,” in Part
I, Item 1A “Risk Factors,” and Note 9, “Leases, Commitments, and Contingencies,”
in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this
Form 10-K for factors that could negatively affect our cash
position.
Cash
Provided by Operating Activities
Cash
provided by operating activities is primarily driven by our net income. However,
operating cash flows differ from net income as a result of non-cash charges or
differences in the timing of cash flows and earnings recognition. Significant
components of cash provided by operating activities are as follows:
Changes
in accounts payable, other accrued liabilities, and other long-term liabilities
provided $62 million in 2008 mainly due to an increase in accrued compensation,
mainly as a result of the retention plans; accrued collaborations; and accrued
royalties, mostly due to increased sales; partially offset by the timing of
payments.
Inventories
decreased $209 million in 2008, as more products were sold than produced during
the year. The decrease in inventories was due in part to failed lots and delays
in start-up campaigns that we experienced during 2008.
Receivables
and other assets increased $132 million in 2008. Accounts receivable—product
sales increased $192 million primarily due to timing of sales to Roche in the
fourth quarter of 2008. The average collection period of our accounts
receivable—product sales as measured in days sales outstanding (DSO) was 36 days
as of December 31, 2008, 33 days as of December 31, 2007, and 46 days as of
December 31, 2006. The increase in DSO in 2008 over 2007 was primarily due to
the timing of sales to Roche in the fourth quarter of 2008. The decrease in DSO
in 2007 over 2006 was primarily due to the extended payment terms that we
offered certain wholesalers in conjunction with the launch of Lucentis on June
30, 2006. The extended payment terms for Lucentis were reduced in 2007, but are
longer than the payment terms for most of our other products.
As
a result of the April 24, 2008 California Supreme Court ruling on the COH
matter, we reversed a $300 million net litigation accrual related to the
punitive damages and accrued interest in 2008, and we paid COH $476 million in
the second quarter of 2008 for compensatory damages awarded plus interest, which
reduced our cash from operations. We also recorded additional costs of $40
million as “Special items: litigation-related” in the third quarter of 2008
related to the ongoing discussions with COH about additional royalties and other
amounts owed by us to COH under the 1976 agreement for third-party product sales
and settlement of a third-party patent litigation that occurred after the 2002
judgment.
Cash
Used in Investing Activities
Cash
used in investing activities was primarily due to purchases, sales and
maturities of investments and capital expenditures. Capital expenditures were
$751 million during 2008, excluding the $200 million construction financing
payment made during the year, compared to $1.0 billion during 2007 and $1.2
billion during 2006. During 2008, capital expenditures were related to
construction of our fill/finish facility in Hillsboro, Oregon, our E. coli
production facility in Singapore, our second manufacturing facility in
Vacaville, California, and our research support facility in Dixon, California;
leasehold improvements for newly constructed buildings on our South San
Francisco, California campus; and purchases of equipment and information
systems. During 2007, capital expenditures were related to ongoing construction
of our second manufacturing facility in Vacaville, leasehold improvements for
newly constructed buildings on our South San Francisco campus, construction of
our fill/finish facility in Hillsboro, and purchases of equipment and
information systems. In addition, we acquired Tanox during 2007, for $833
million, net,
which
represents the purchase price of $925 million, plus $8 million in transaction
costs, less approximately $100 million of Tanox’s cash and cash equivalents that
we acquired. Capital expenditures in 2006 included ongoing construction for the
Vacaville facility; validation costs at our manufacturing facility in Oceanside,
California; the purchase of a second facility in Oceanside; the purchase of
equipment and information systems; and ongoing expenditures to support our
corporate infrastructure needs.
Total
cash and investments pledged to secure the COH surety bond were $788 million at
December 31, 2007, and were reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheet in
“Restricted cash and investments.” In connection with the California Supreme
Court ruling on April 24, 2008, restrictions were lifted from the
restricted cash and investments accounts, which consisted of available-for-sale
investments, and the funds became available for use in our operations. See
“Contingencies” in Note 9, “Leases, Commitments, and Contingencies,” in the
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K
for further information regarding the COH litigation and related surety
bond.
We
anticipate that the amount of our 2009 capital expenditures will be
approximately $600 million.
Cash
Used in Financing Activities
Cash
used in financing activities includes activity under our stock repurchase
program. our employee stock plans, our commercial paper program, and
construction financing payments. We received $680 million in 2008, $452
million during 2007, and $385 million during 2006 related to stock option
exercises and stock issuances under our employee stock purchase
plan.
In
November 2006, we entered into a series of agreements with Lonza Group Ltd,
including a supply agreement to purchase products produced by Lonza at their
Singapore manufacturing facility, which is currently under construction, and a
loan agreement to advance Lonza $290 million for the construction of that
facility. The construction of the facility reached mechanical completion in
November 2008, and we advanced Lonza $200 million of construction financing,
pursuant to the loan agreement.
In
2007, we issued $600 million in unsecured commercial paper notes payable for
funding general corporate purposes. In September 2008, we stopped issuing
commercial paper due to the state of the credit markets at that time and the
resulting increase in the interest rates at which we sold commercial paper. We
fully paid the remaining commercial paper notes payable by October 2008. In
December 2008, in response to favorable changes in the credit markets, we
recommenced this funding program and issued $500 million of commercial paper
notes payable.
Under
a stock repurchase program approved by our Board of Directors in December 2003
and most recently extended in April 2008, we are authorized to repurchase up to
150 million shares of our Common Stock for an aggregate amount of up to $10.0
billion through June 30, 2009. In this program, as in previous stock repurchase
programs, purchases may be made in the open market or in privately negotiated
transactions from time to time at management’s discretion. We also may engage in
transactions in other Genentech securities in conjunction with the repurchase
program, including certain derivative securities, although as of December 31,
2008, we had not engaged in any such transactions. We use the repurchased stock
to offset dilution caused by the issuance of shares in connection with our
employee stock purchase plan. However, significant option exercises and
stock purchases by employees could result in further dilution, and limitations
in our ability to enter into new share repurchase arrangements could negatively
affect our ability to offset dilution. Although there are currently no specific
plans for the shares that may be purchased under the program, our goals for the
program are: (1) to address provisions of our Affiliation Agreement with
RHI related to maintaining RHI’s minimum ownership percentage, (2) to make
prudent investments of our cash resources, and (3) to allow for an effective
mechanism to provide stock for our employee stock purchase plans. See
“Relationship with Roche” above for more information on RHI’s minimum ownership
percentage.
We
enter into Rule 10b5-1 trading plans to repurchase shares in the open market
during periods when trading in our stock is restricted under our insider trading
policy.
Under
our current stock repurchase program, we repurchased nine million shares for
$780 million in 2008. In addition, in November 2007, we entered into a prepaid
share repurchase arrangement with an investment bank pursuant to which we
delivered $300 million to the investment bank. The prepaid amount was reflected
as a reduction of our stockholders’ equity as of December 31, 2007. There was no
effect on EPS for the year ended December 31, 2007 as a result of entering into
this arrangement. Under this arrangement, the investment bank delivered
approximately four million shares to us on March 31, 2008. Under the
stock repurchase program we repurchased 13 million shares for $1.0 billion in
2007, and 12 million shares for $1.0 billion in 2006.
In
May 2008, we entered into a prepaid share repurchase arrangement with an
investment bank pursuant to which we delivered $500 million to the investment
bank. The investment bank delivered approximately 5.5 million shares to us on
September 30, 2008.
Our
shares repurchased during the following months of 2008 were as follows (shares in
millions):
|
|
Total
Number of Shares
Purchased
|
|
|
Average
Price Paid per
Share
|
|
March
1–31
|
|
|
4.2 |
|
|
$ |
72.00 |
|
April
1–30
|
|
|
0.9 |
|
|
|
74.76 |
|
May
1–31
|
|
|
1.5 |
|
|
|
68.77 |
|
June
1–30
|
|
|
1.2 |
|
|
|
73.68 |
|
September
1–30
|
|
|
5.5 |
|
|
|
90.24 |
|
October
1–31
|
|
|
0.3 |
|
|
|
80.80 |
|
Total
|
|
|
13.6 |
|
|
$ |
79.62 |
|
As
of December 31, 2008, 89 million shares have been purchased under our stock
repurchase program for $6.5 billion, and a maximum of 61 million additional
shares for amounts totaling up to $3.5 billion may be purchased under the
program through June 30, 2009.
The
par value method of accounting is used for common stock repurchases. The excess
of the cost of shares acquired over the par value is allocated to additional
paid-in capital with the amounts in excess of the estimated original sales price
charged to retained earnings (accumulated deficit).
Off-Balance
Sheet Arrangements
We
have certain contractual arrangements that create potential risk for us and are
not recognized in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Discussed below are
off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a
material current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in
financial condition, revenue or expenses, results of operations, liquidity,
capital expenditures, or capital resources.
We
lease various real properties under operating leases that generally require us
to pay taxes, insurance, maintenance, and minimum lease payments. Some of our
leases have options to renew.
Commitments
In
October 2007, we entered into a five-year, $1 billion revolving credit facility
with various financial institutions. The credit facility is expected to be used
for general corporate and working capital purposes, including providing support
for our commercial paper program. Of the $1 billion commitment, $50 million was
committed by an institution that is currently undergoing bankruptcy proceedings,
and therefore we do not expect to rely on this portion of the commitment. As of
December 31, 2008, we did not have any borrowings under the credit
facility.
Our
Affiliation Agreement with RHI provides, among other things, that with respect
to any issuance of our Common Stock in the future, we will repurchase a
sufficient number of shares so that immediately after such issuance, the
percentage of our Common Stock owned by RHI will be no lower than 2% below the
Minimum Percentage (subject to certain conditions). See “RHI’s Ability to
Maintain Percentage Ownership Interest in Our Stock” in “Related Party”
transactions for further discussion of our obligation to maintain RHI’s Minimum
Percentage.
In
November 2006, we entered into a series of agreements with Lonza Group Ltd,
including a supply agreement to purchase product produced by Lonza at their
Singapore manufacturing facility, which is currently under construction. For
accounting purposes, due to the nature of the supply agreement and our
involvement with the construction of the buildings, we are considered the owner
of the assets during the construction period, even though the funds to construct
the building shell and some infrastructure costs are paid by Lonza. As such,
during 2008 and 2007, we capitalized $107 million and $141 million,
respectively, in construction-in-progress and have also recognized a
corresponding amount as a construction financing obligation in “Long-term debt”
in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. We also entered into a loan
agreement with Lonza to advance $290 million to Lonza for the construction of
this facility and $9 million for a related land lease option. In November 2008,
the facility reached mechanical completion, and we advanced Lonza $200 million
pursuant to the loan agreement. See Note 9, “Leases, Commitments, and
Contingencies,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II,
Item 8 of this Form 10-K for further discussion of the agreements.
See
also Note 9, “Leases, Commitments, and Contingencies,” in the Notes to
Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form
10-K.
Contractual
Obligations
In
the table below, we set forth our enforceable and legally binding obligations
and future commitments, as well as obligations related to all contracts that we
are likely to continue, regardless of the fact that they were cancelable as of
December 31, 2008. Some of the figures that we include in this table are based
on management’s estimate and assumptions about these obligations, including
their duration, the possibility of renewal, anticipated actions by third
parties, and other factors. Because these estimates and assumptions are
necessarily subjective, the obligations we will actually pay in future periods
may vary from those reflected in the table.
|
|
Payments Due by Period
(in
millions)
|
|
Contractual Obligations
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Operating
lease and lease-related obligations(1)
|
|
$ |
257 |
|
|
$ |
36 |
|
|
$ |
70 |
|
|
$ |
60 |
|
|
$ |
91 |
|
HCP(2)
(Financing lease)
|
|
|
491 |
|
|
|
36 |
|
|
|
76 |
|
|
|
81 |
|
|
|
298 |
|
Lonza(3)
(Singapore facility agreement)
|
|
|
215 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
90 |
|
|
|
125 |
|
|
|
– |
|
Purchase
obligations(4)
|
|
|
1,057 |
|
|
|
702 |
|
|
|
279 |
|
|
|
76 |
|
|
|
– |
|
Long-term
debt(5)
|
|
|
2,000 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
500 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
1,500 |
|
Deferred
tax liabilities(6)
|
|
|
46 |
|
|
|
46 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
Other
long-term liabilities(7)
|
|
|
31 |
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
4 |
|
|
|
5 |
|
|
|
20 |
|
Interest
expense on long-term debt(8)
|
|
|
1,022 |
|
|
|
85 |
|
|
|
151 |
|
|
|
148 |
|
|
|
638 |
|
Total
|
|
$ |
5,119 |
|
|
$ |
907 |
|
|
$ |
1,170 |
|
|
$ |
495 |
|
|
$ |
2,547 |
|
________________________
(1)
|
Operating
lease obligations include Owner Association Fees on buildings that we
own.
|
(2)
|
See
further discussion related to the HCP lease above in “Off-Balance Sheet
Arrangements.”
|
(3)
|
Included
in “2010 and 2011” is a manufacturing milestone payment. We also entered
into a loan agreement, subject to certain mutually acceptable conditions
of securitization, with Lonza to advance up to $290 million to Lonza for
the construction of their Singapore facility, and $9 million for a related
land lease option, of which $225 million was advanced as of December 31,
2008. If we exercise our option to purchase the facility, any outstanding
advances may be offset against the purchase price. If we do not exercise
our purchase option, the advances will be offset against supply purchases.
The supply purchases presented in the table above have been offset by the
advances made to Lonza as of December 31, 2008. See further discussion of
the agreements with Lonza above in “Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements” and in
Note 9, “Leases, Commitments, and Contingencies,” in the Notes to
Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form
10-K.
|
(4)
|
Purchase
obligations include commitments related to capital expenditures, clinical
development, manufacturing and research operations and other significant
purchase commitments. Purchase obligations exclude capitalized labor and
capitalized interest on construction projects. Included in this line are
our purchase obligations under our contract manufacturing arrangements
with Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, a division of Wyeth, for bulk supply of
Herceptin, and with Novartis for the manufacture of Xolair and Lucentis.
See also Note 9, “Leases, Commitments, and Contingencies,” in the Notes to
Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form
10-K.
|
(5)
|
See
also Note 8, “Debt,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in
Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
|
(6)
|
Amount
represents the current portion of our tax obligations and related interest
under FIN 48. See also Note 13, “Income Taxes,” in the Notes to
Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form
10-K.
|
(7)
|
Other
long-term liabilities primarily represent our post-retirement benefit
obligations.
|
(8)
|
Interest
expense includes the effects of an interest rate swap agreement. See also,
Note 4 “Investment Securities and Financial Instruments,” in the Notes to
Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form
10-K.
|
|
Excludes
payment obligations associated with our commercial paper
program.
|
In
addition to the above, we have committed to make potential future milestone
payments to third parties as well as fund certain development, manufacturing and
commercialization efforts as part of in-licensing and joint product development
programs. Milestone payments under these agreements generally become due and
payable only upon achievement of certain developmental, regulatory, and/or
commercial milestones. Because the achievement of these milestones is generally
neither probable nor reasonably estimable, such contingencies have not been
recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets or in the table above. Further, our
obligation to fund development, manufacturing and commercialization efforts is
contingent upon continued involvement in the programs and/or the lack of any
adverse events that could cause the discontinuance of the programs. Under
certain of these arrangements, management can decide at any time to discontinue
the joint programs. Due to the risks associated with the development,
manufacturing and commercialization processes, the payments under these
arrangements are not reasonably estimable, and such payments have not been
recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheets or in the table above. See Note 9,
“Leases, Commitments, and Contingencies,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial
Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K for further information on
these matters.
Stock
Options
Option
Program Description
Our
employee stock option program is a broad-based, long-term retention program that
is intended to attract and retain talented employees and to align stockholder
and employee interests. Our program primarily consists of our 2004 Equity
Incentive Plan (the Plan), a broad-based plan under which stock options,
restricted stock, stock appreciation rights, and performance shares and units
may be granted to employees, directors, and other service providers.
Substantially all of our employees participate in our stock option program. In
the past, we granted options under our amended and restated 1999 Stock Plan,
1996 Stock Option/Stock Incentive Plan, our amended and restated 1994 Stock
Option Plan, and our amended and restated 1990 Stock Option/Stock Incentive
Plan. Although we no longer grant options under these plans, exercisable options
granted under almost all of these plans are still outstanding.
On
August 18, 2008, the Special Committee adopted two retention plans that
were implemented in lieu of our 2008 annual stock option grant, which typically
occurs in September. The plans cover substantially all of our employees,
including our named executive officers. See “Relationship with Roche Holdings,
Inc.” for more information about the Roche Proposal, and see “Liquidity and
Capital Resources” for more information about the retention plans.
All
stock option grants are made with the approval of the Compensation Committee of
the Board of Directors or an authorized delegate. See “Compensation Discussion
and Analysis” appearing in our 2009 Proxy Statement for further information
concerning the policies and procedures of the Compensation Committee regarding
the use of stock options.
General
Option Information
Summary
of Option Activity
(Shares
in millions)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Shares
Available
for
Grant
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
|
|
December 31,
2006
|
|
|
70 |
|
|
|
88 |
|
|
$ |
54.53 |
|
Grants
|
|
|
(18 |
) |
|
|
18 |
|
|
|
79.40 |
|
Exercises
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
(10 |
) |
|
|
32.76 |
|
Cancellations
|
|
|
4 |
|
|
|
(4 |
) |
|
|
76.45 |
|
December 31,
2007
|
|
|
56 |
|
|
|
92 |
|
|
|
60.94 |
|
Grants
|
|
|
(1 |
) |
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
79.23 |
|
Exercises
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
(13 |
) |
|
|
44.83 |
|
Cancellations
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
(3 |
) |
|
|
80.52 |
|
December 31,
2008
|
|
|
58 |
|
|
|
77 |
|
|
$ |
63.06 |
|
In-the-Money
and Out-of-the-Money Option Information
(Shares
in millions)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
As
of December 31, 2008
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
In-the-money
|
|
|
45 |
|
|
$ |
49.01 |
|
|
|
18 |
|
|
$ |
79.01 |
|
|
|
63 |
|
|
$ |
57.59 |
|
Out-of-the-money(1)
|
|
|
11 |
|
|
|
86.28 |
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
86.67 |
|
|
|
14 |
|
|
|
86.37 |
|
Total
options outstanding
|
|
|
56 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
21 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
77 |
|
|
|
|
|
________________________
(1)
|
Out-of-the-money
options are those options with an exercise price equal to or greater than
the fair market value of Genentech Common Stock, which was $82.91 at the
close of business on December 31,
2008.
|
Distribution
and Dilutive Effect of Options
Employee
and Executive Officer Option Grants
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Grants,
net of forfeitures, during the year as % of outstanding
shares
|
|
|
(0.20 |
)
% |
|
|
1.36
|
% |
|
|
1.43
|
% |
Grants
to Executive Officers during the period as % of outstanding
shares
|
|
|
–
|
% |
|
|
0.13
|
% |
|
|
0.14
|
% |
Grants
to Executive Officers during the year as % of total options
granted
|
|
|
–
|
% |
|
|
7.41
|
% |
|
|
8.60
|
% |
________________________
(1)
|
Executive
officers as of December 31 for the years
presented.
|
Equity
Compensation Plan Information
Our
stockholders have approved all of our equity compensation plans under which
options are outstanding.
******
This
report contains forward-looking statements regarding our Horizon 2010 strategy
of bringing new molecules into clinical development, bringing major new products
or indications onto the market, becoming the number one U.S. oncology company in
sales, and achieving certain financial growth measures; the initiation of a
clinical study for Avastin; the availability and timing of data for clinical
studies for Avastin; Avastin regulatory filings; a Tarceva sNDA submission;
share repurchases; the cost of the retention plans in response to the Roche
proposal to acquire all of the outstanding shares of our Common Stock not owned
by Roche; label extensions for Xolair; Raptiva inventory impairment;
qualification and licensure of our Vacaville facility, licensure of our
Hillsboro facility and Lonza’s and our Singapore facilities, and completion of
construction for our Dixon facility; liability with respect to COH; liability
with respect to Lonza; the adequacy of our capital resources to meet long-term
growth; the timing of the Special Committee’s formal position with respect to
the Roche Tender Offer; sales to collaborators; contractual obligations; tax
obligations and our effective income tax rate; capital expenditures; lease
payments; and the effect of recent accounting pronouncements on our financial
statements.
These
forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties, and the cautionary
statements set forth below and those contained in “Risk Factors” in this Annual
Report on Form 10-K identify important factors that could cause actual results
to differ materially from those predicted in any such forward-looking
statements. Such factors include, but are not limited to, difficulty in
enrolling patients in clinical trials; the need for additional data, data
analysis or clinical studies; BLA preparation and decision making; FDA actions
or delays; failure to obtain or maintain, or changes to, FDA or other regulatory
approval; difficulty in obtaining materials from suppliers; unexpected safety,
efficacy or manufacturing issues for us or our contract/collaborator
manufacturers; increased capital expenditures including greater than expected
construction and validation costs; product withdrawals or suspensions;
competition; efficacy data concerning any of our products which shows or is
perceived to show similar or improved treatment benefit at a lower dose or
shorter duration of therapy; pricing decisions by us or our competitors; our
ability to protect our proprietary rights; the outcome of, and expenses
associated with, litigation or legal settlements; increased R&D, MG&A,
stock-based compensation, environmental and other expenses, inventory
write-offs, and increased COS; variations in collaborator sales and expenses;
fluctuations in contract revenues and royalties; our indebtedness and ability to
pay our indebtedness; actions by Roche that are adverse to our interests;
developments regarding the Roche Tender Offer; decreases in third party
reimbursement rates; the ability of wholesalers to effectively distribute our
products; greater than expected income tax rate; and changes in accounting or
tax laws or the application or interpretation of such laws. We disclaim and do
not undertake any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement
in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item
7A.
|
QUANTITATIVE
AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET
RISK
|
We
are exposed to market risk, including changes to interest rates, foreign
currency exchange rates and equity investment prices. To reduce the volatility
related to these exposures, we enter into various derivative hedging
transactions pursuant to our investment and risk management policies and
procedures. We do not enter into derivatives for speculative purposes. As part
of our risk management procedures, we use analytical techniques, including
sensitivity analysis and market values, and there are inherent risks that may
only be partially offset by our hedging programs should there be unfavorable
movements in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, or equity
investment prices.
The
estimated exposures discussed below are intended to measure the amount that we
could lose from adverse market movements in interest rates, foreign currency
exchange rates, and equity investment prices, given a specified confidence
level, over a given period of time. Loss is defined in the value-at-risk (VAR)
estimation as fair market value loss. Our VAR model utilizes historical
simulation of daily market data over the past three years and calculates market
data changes using a 21-trading-day holding period to estimate expected loss in
fair value at a 95% confidence level. The VAR model is not intended to represent
actual losses but is used as a risk estimation tool. The calculated VAR is
intended to measure the amount that we could lose from adverse market movements
in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, and equity investment
prices, given a specified confidence level, over a given period of time.
However, our VAR calculations are not designed to fully factor in all potential
future volatility because the calculations are based on historical results that
may not be predictive of future results.
Actual
future gains and losses associated with our investment portfolio and derivative
positions may differ materially from the VAR analyses performed due to the
inherent limitations associated with predicting the timing and amount of changes
to interest rates, foreign currency exchanges rates, and equity investment
prices, as well as our actual exposures and positions.
Interest
Rate Risk
Our
interest-bearing assets, or interest-bearing portfolio, consisted of cash, cash
equivalents, restricted cash and investments, short-term investments, marketable
debt securities, long-term investments and interest-bearing forward contracts.
The balance of our interest-bearing portfolio, including restricted and
unrestricted cash and investments, was $9,258 million, or 42% of total assets,
at December 31, 2008; and $6,437 million, or 34% of total assets, at December
31, 2007. Interest income related to this portfolio was $90 million in 2008 and
$270 million in 2007. Our interest income is sensitive to changes in the general
level of interest rates, credit ratings of our investments, and market liquidity
for the different types of interest-bearing assets.
Our
short-term borrowings include unsecured commercial paper notes payable of
$500 million at December 31, 2008 and $600 million at December 31. 2007. These
notes are not redeemable prior to maturity or subject to voluntary prepayment,
and were issued on a discount basis. At December 31, 2008 and 2007, outstanding
commercial paper notes carried an effective interest yield of 0.8% and 4.46%,
respectively.
Our
long-term debt is made up of the following debt instruments: $500 million
principal amount of 4.40% Senior Notes due 2010, $1.0 billion principal amount
of 4.75% Senior Notes due 2015, and $500 million principal amount of 5.25%
Senior Notes due 2035. To hedge the fair value of our 2010 Notes against
fluctuations in the benchmark U.S. interest rates, we entered into a series of
interest rate swap agreements with respect to the 2010 Notes. See Note 8,
“Debt,” and Note 4, “Investment Securities and Financial Instruments—Derivative
Financial Instruments,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in
Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.
Based
on our overall interest rate exposure, which includes the net effect of our
interest rate exposures on our interest-bearing assets, our Senior Note debt
instruments, and our commercial paper, using a 21-trading-day holding period
with a 95% confidence level, the potential loss in estimated fair value of our
interest rate-sensitive instruments was $22 million at December 31, 2008 and $20
million at December 31, 2007. A significant portion of the potential loss in
estimated fair value at both December 31, 2008 and 2007 was attributed to the
longer duration of our Senior Notes.
Foreign
Currency Exchange and Foreign Economic Conditions Risk
We
receive royalty revenue from licensees selling products in countries throughout
the world. As a result, our financial results could be significantly affected by
factors such as changes in foreign currency exchange rates or weak economic
conditions in the foreign markets in which our licensed products are sold. Our
exposure to foreign exchange rates is most significant relative to the Swiss
Franc, though we are also exposed to changes in exchange rates elsewhere in
Europe, Asia (primarily Japan), and Canada. When the dollar strengthens against
the currencies in these countries, the dollar value of
foreign-currency-denominated revenue decreases; when the dollar weakens, the
dollar value of the foreign-currency-denominated revenue increases. Accordingly,
changes in exchange rates, and in particular a strengthening of the dollar, may
adversely affect our royalty revenue as expressed in dollars. Currently, our
foreign-currency-denominated royalty revenues exceed our
foreign-currency-denominated expenses. In addition, as part of our overall
investment strategy, a portion of our investment portfolio is in non-U.S. dollar
denominated investments. As a result, we are exposed to changes in the exchange
rates of the currencies in which these non-U.S. dollar investments are
denominated.
To
mitigate our net foreign exchange exposure, our policy allows us to hedge
certain of our anticipated royalty revenue by entering into forward contracts or
options, including collars, with one- to five-year expiration dates and amounts
of currency that are based on up to 90% of forecasted future revenue so that the
potential adverse effect of movements in currency exchange rates on the
non-dollar denominated revenue will be at least partly offset by an associated
increase in the value of the option or forward. As of December 31, 2008, these
options and forwards are due to expire in 2009 and 2010.
Based
on our overall currency rate exposure, using a 21-trading-day holding period
with a 95% confidence level, the potential loss in the estimated fair value of
our foreign currency-sensitive instruments was $69 million at December 31,
2008 and $40 million at December 31, 2007. Because we use foreign currency
instruments to hedge anticipated future cash flows, losses incurred on those
instruments are generally offset by increases in the fair value of the
underlying future cash flows that they were intended to hedge.
Equity
Security Risks
As
part of our strategic alliance efforts, we have invested and may, in certain
circumstances, invest in publicly traded equity instruments of biotechnology
companies. Our biotechnology equity investment portfolio totaled $287 million,
or 1% of total assets, at December 31, 2008 and $416 million, or 2% of total
assets, at December 31, 2007. The decrease during 2008 was mainly due to sales
of securities and lower market valuations. Impairment charges on our
biotechnology equity investments were $16 million in 2008 and $20 million in
2007. These investments are subject to fluctuations from market value changes in
stock prices. To mitigate the risk of market value fluctuation, our policy
allows us to hedge certain equity securities by entering into forward or option
contracts. Depending on market conditions, we may determine that in future
periods certain of our other unhedged equity security investments are impaired,
which would result in additional write-downs of those equity security
investments.
Based
on our overall exposure to fluctuations from market value changes in marketable
equity prices, using a 21-trading-day holding period with a 95% confidence
level, the potential loss in estimated fair value of our equity securities
portfolio was $17 million at December 31, 2008 and $27 million at
December 31, 2007.
Also,
as part of our strategic alliance efforts, we invest in privately held
biotechnology companies, some of which are in the start-up stage. These
investments are primarily carried at cost, which were $32 million
at December 31, 2008 and $31 million at December 31, 2007, and are recorded
in “Other long-term assets” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Our
determination of investment values in private companies is based on the
fundamentals of the businesses, including, among other factors, the nature and
success of their R&D efforts.
Counterparty
Credit Risks
As
part of our derivative transactions, we are exposed to certain counterparty
risks. We would experience a financial loss if the counterparties to these
transactions were to default and the derivative valuation is favorable to us. We
attempt to mitigate these risks by adhering to a policy that dictates a minimum
counterparty credit rating of “A-” by Standard & Poor’s and “A3” by Moody’s
Investor Services. As of December 31, 2008, our maximum risk of loss in the
event of default by counterparties to the derivative instruments noted above
would have been less than $50 million.
Item
8.
|
FINANCIAL
STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
|
Report
of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The
Board of Directors and Stockholders of Genentech, Inc.
We
have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Genentech, Inc. as
of December 31, 2008 and 2007, and the related consolidated statements of
income, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the
period ended December 31, 2008. Our audits also included the financial statement
schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a). These financial statements and
schedule are the responsibility of Genentech, Inc.’s management. Our
responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and
schedule based on our audits.
We
conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company
Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan
and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial
statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a
test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial
statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and
significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall
financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a
reasonable basis for our opinion.
In
our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all
material respects, the consolidated financial position of Genentech, Inc. at
December 31, 2008 and 2007, and the consolidated results of its operations and
its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31,
2008, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also, in
our opinion, the related financial statement schedule, when considered in
relation to the basic financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly in
all material respects the information set forth therein.
We
also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company
Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Genentech, Inc.’s internal control
over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, based on criteria established
in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring
Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 4, 2009
expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Palo
Alto, California
February 4,
2009,
except
for the first paragraph of Note 3
and
the thirteenth paragraph of Note 10,
as
to which the date is
February
9, 2009
CONSOLIDATED
STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(In
millions, except per share amounts)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Revenue
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Product
sales (including amounts from related parties:
2008-$880;
2007-$778; 2006-$364)
|
|
$ |
10,531 |
|
|
$ |
9,443 |
|
|
$ |
7,640 |
|
Royalties
(including amounts from related parties:
2008-$1,785;
2007-$1,301; 2006-$849)
|
|
|
2,539 |
|
|
|
1,984 |
|
|
|
1,354 |
|
Contract
revenue (including amounts from related parties:
2008-$198;
2007-$165; 2006-$165)
|
|
|
348 |
|
|
|
297 |
|
|
|
290 |
|
Total
operating revenue
|
|
|
13,418 |
|
|
|
11,724 |
|
|
|
9,284 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Costs
and expenses
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cost
of sales (including amounts for related parties:
2008-$481;
2007-$432; 2006-$272)
|
|
|
1,744 |
|
|
|
1,571 |
|
|
|
1,181 |
|
Research
and development (including amounts from programs where related parties
share costs:
2008-$379;
2007-$302; 2006-$251)
(including
amounts for which reimbursement was recorded as contract revenue:
2008-$227; 2007-$196; 2006-$185)
|
|
|
2,800 |
|
|
|
2,446 |
|
|
|
1,773 |
|
Marketing,
general and administrative
|
|
|
2,405 |
|
|
|
2,256 |
|
|
|
2,014 |
|
Collaboration
profit sharing (including related party amounts:
2008-$189;
2007-$185; 2006-$187)
|
|
|
1,228 |
|
|
|
1,080 |
|
|
|
1,005 |
|
Write-off
of in-process research and development related to
acquisition
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
77 |
|
|
|
– |
|
Gain
on acquisition
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
(121 |
) |
|
|
– |
|
Recurring
amortization charges related to redemption and acquisition
|
|
|
172 |
|
|
|
132 |
|
|
|
105 |
|
Special
items: litigation-related
|
|
|
(260 |
) |
|
|
54 |
|
|
|
54 |
|
Total
costs and expenses
|
|
|
8,089 |
|
|
|
7,495 |
|
|
|
6,132 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Operating
income
|
|
|
5,329 |
|
|
|
4,229 |
|
|
|
3,152 |
|
Other
income (expense):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Interest
and other income, net
|
|
|
184 |
|
|
|
273 |
|
|
|
325 |
|
Interest
expense
|
|
|
(82 |
) |
|
|
(76 |
) |
|
|
(74 |
) |
Total
other income, net
|
|
|
102 |
|
|
|
197 |
|
|
|
251 |
|
Income
before taxes
|
|
|
5,431 |
|
|
|
4,426 |
|
|
|
3,403 |
|
Income
tax provision
|
|
|
2,004 |
|
|
|
1,657 |
|
|
|
1,290 |
|
Net
income
|
|
$ |
3,427 |
|
|
$ |
2,769 |
|
|
$ |
2,113 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Earnings
per share
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Basic
|
|
$ |
3.25 |
|
|
$ |
2.63 |
|
|
$ |
2.01 |
|
Diluted
|
|
$ |
3.21 |
|
|
$ |
2.59 |
|
|
$ |
1.97 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Shares
used to compute basic earnings per share
|
|
|
1,053 |
|
|
|
1,053 |
|
|
|
1,053 |
|
Shares
used to compute diluted earnings per share
|
|
|
1,067 |
|
|
|
1,069 |
|
|
|
1,073 |
|
See
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
CONSOLIDATED
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In
millions)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash
flows from operating activities
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net
income
|
|
$ |
3,427 |
|
|
$ |
2,769 |
|
|
$ |
2,113 |
|
Adjustments
to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating
activities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Depreciation
and amortization
|
|
|
592 |
|
|
|
492 |
|
|
|
407 |
|
Employee
stock-based compensation
|
|
|
399 |
|
|
|
403 |
|
|
|
309 |
|
Excess
tax benefit from stock-based compensation arrangements
|
|
|
(140 |
) |
|
|
(193 |
) |
|
|
(179 |
) |
Acquired
in-process research and development
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
77 |
|
|
|
– |
|
Gain
on acquisition
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
(121 |
) |
|
|
– |
|
Deferred
income taxes
|
|
|
90 |
|
|
|
(234 |
) |
|
|
(112 |
) |
Deferred
revenue
|
|
|
41 |
|
|
|
(68 |
) |
|
|
(3 |
) |
Litigation-related
special items
|
|
|
(260 |
) |
|
|
51 |
|
|
|
51 |
|
Gain
on sales of securities available-for-sale and other
|
|
|
(124 |
) |
|
|
(27 |
) |
|
|
(94 |
) |
Loss
on sales and write-downs of securities available-for-sale and
other
|
|
|
149 |
|
|
|
58 |
|
|
|
5 |
|
Loss
on fixed asset dispositions
|
|
|
26 |
|
|
|
32 |
|
|
|
23 |
|
Changes
in assets and liabilities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Receivables
and other assets
|
|
|
(132 |
) |
|
|
38 |
|
|
|
(628 |
) |
Inventories
|
|
|
209 |
|
|
|
(310 |
) |
|
|
(408 |
) |
Investments
in trading securities
|
|
|
82 |
|
|
|
(360 |
) |
|
|
(29 |
) |
Accounts
payable, other accrued liabilities, and other long-term
liabilities
|
|
|
72 |
|
|
|
623 |
|
|
|
683 |
|
Accrued
litigation
|
|
|
(476 |
) |
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
Net
cash provided by operating activities
|
|
|
3,955 |
|
|
|
3,230 |
|
|
|
2,138 |
|
Cash
flows from investing activities
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Purchases
of securities available-for-sale
|
|
|
(2,980 |
) |
|
|
(1,152 |
) |
|
|
(1,036 |
) |
Proceeds
from sales of securities available-for-sale
|
|
|
1,770 |
|
|
|
651 |
|
|
|
256 |
|
Proceeds
from maturities of securities available-for-sale
|
|
|
279 |
|
|
|
486 |
|
|
|
357 |
|
Capital
expenditures
|
|
|
(751 |
) |
|
|
(977 |
) |
|
|
(1,214 |
) |
Change
in other intangible and long-term assets
|
|
|
15 |
|
|
|
(40 |
) |
|
|
9 |
|
Acquisition
and related costs, net
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
(833 |
) |
|
|
– |
|
Transfer
to restricted cash, net
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
(53 |
) |
Net
cash used in investing activities
|
|
|
(1,667 |
) |
|
|
(1,865 |
) |
|
|
(1,681 |
) |
Cash
flows from financing activities
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stock
issuances
|
|
|
680 |
|
|
|
452 |
|
|
|
385 |
|
Stock
repurchases and prepaid share repurchase deposits
|
|
|
(780 |
) |
|
|
(1,345 |
) |
|
|
(996 |
) |
Excess
tax benefit from stock-based compensation arrangements
|
|
|
140 |
|
|
|
193 |
|
|
|
179 |
|
Proceeds
from (maturities of) commercial paper, net
|
|
|
(99 |
) |
|
|
599 |
|
|
|
– |
|
Construction
financing and other related payments
|
|
|
(210 |
) |
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
Net
cash used in financing activities
|
|
|
(269 |
) |
|
|
(101 |
) |
|
|
(432 |
) |
Net
increase in cash and cash equivalents
|
|
|
2,019 |
|
|
|
1,264 |
|
|
|
25 |
|
Cash
and cash equivalents at beginning of year
|
|
|
2,514 |
|
|
|
1,250 |
|
|
|
1,225 |
|
Cash
and cash equivalents at end of year
|
|
$ |
4,533 |
|
|
$ |
2,514 |
|
|
$ |
1,250 |
|
Supplemental
cash flow data
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash
paid during the year for:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Interest
|
|
$ |
74 |
|
|
$ |
60 |
|
|
$ |
68 |
|
Income
taxes
|
|
|
1,779 |
|
|
|
1,673 |
|
|
|
1,038 |
|
Non-cash
investing and financing activities
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capitalization
of construction in progress related to financing lease
transactions
|
|
|
117 |
|
|
|
203 |
|
|
|
128 |
|
Sale
of subsidiary in exchange for note receivable
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
135 |
|
Transfer
of restricted cash to short-term investments
|
|
|
788 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
Transfer
of trading securities to available-for-sale
|
|
|
122 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
See
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
CONSOLIDATED
BALANCE SHEETS
(In
millions, except par value)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Assets
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Current
assets
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash
and cash equivalents
|
|
$ |
4,533 |
|
|
$ |
2,514 |
|
Short-term
investments
|
|
|
1,665 |
|
|
|
1,461 |
|
Restricted
cash and investments
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
788 |
|
Accounts
receivable—product sales (net of allowances:
2008-$157;
2007-$116; including amounts from related parties:
2008-$203;
2007-$2)
|
|
|
1,039 |
|
|
|
847 |
|
Accounts
receivable—royalties (including amounts from related
parties:
2008-$564;
2007-$463)
|
|
|
680 |
|
|
|
620 |
|
Accounts
receivable—other (including amounts from related parties:
2008-$122;
2007-$233)
|
|
|
222 |
|
|
|
299 |
|
Inventories
|
|
|
1,299 |
|
|
|
1,493 |
|
Deferred
tax assets
|
|
|
500 |
|
|
|
614 |
|
Prepaid
expenses and other current assets
|
|
|
135 |
|
|
|
117 |
|
Total
current assets
|
|
|
10,073 |
|
|
|
8,753 |
|
Long-term
marketable debt and equity securities
|
|
|
3,347 |
|
|
|
2,090 |
|
Property,
plant and equipment, net
|
|
|
5,404 |
|
|
|
4,986 |
|
Goodwill
|
|
|
1,590 |
|
|
|
1,577 |
|
Other
intangible assets
|
|
|
1,008 |
|
|
|
1,168 |
|
Other
long-term assets
|
|
|
365 |
|
|
|
366 |
|
Total
assets
|
|
$ |
21,787 |
|
|
$ |
18,940 |
|
Liabilities
and stockholders’ equity
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Current
liabilities
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Accounts
payable (including amounts to related parties:
2008-$23;
2007-$2)
|
|
|
228 |
|
|
$ |
420 |
|
Commercial
paper
|
|
|
500 |
|
|
|
599 |
|
Deferred
revenue (including amounts from related parties:
2008-$81;
2007-$63)
|
|
|
88 |
|
|
|
73 |
|
Accrued
litigation
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
776 |
|
Other
accrued liabilities (including amounts to related
parties:
2008-$180;
2007-$230)
|
|
|
2,279 |
|
|
|
2,050 |
|
Total
current liabilities
|
|
|
3,095 |
|
|
|
3,918 |
|
Long-term
debt
|
|
|
2,329 |
|
|
|
2,402 |
|
Deferred
revenue (including amounts from related parties:
2008-$380;
2007-$384)
|
|
|
444 |
|
|
|
418 |
|
Other
long-term liabilities
|
|
|
248 |
|
|
|
297 |
|
Total
liabilities
|
|
|
6,116 |
|
|
|
7,035 |
|
Commitments
and contingencies (Note 9)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stockholders’
equity
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Preferred
stock, $0.02 par value; authorized: 100 shares; none
issued
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
Common
Stock, $0.02 par value; authorized: 3,000 shares;
outstanding: 2008-1,053
shares; 2007-1,052 shares
|
|
|
21 |
|
|
|
21 |
|
Additional
paid-in capital
|
|
|
12,044 |
|
|
|
10,695 |
|
Accumulated
other comprehensive income
|
|
|
124 |
|
|
|
197 |
|
Retained
earnings, since June 30, 1999
|
|
|
3,482 |
|
|
|
992 |
|
Total
stockholders’ equity
|
|
|
15,671 |
|
|
|
11,905 |
|
Total
liabilities and stockholders’ equity
|
|
$ |
21,787 |
|
|
$ |
18,940 |
|
See
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
CONSOLIDATED
STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(In
millions)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Retained
|
|
|
Accumulated
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Additional
|
|
|
Earnings
|
|
|
Other
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Paid-in
|
|
|
(Accumulated
|
|
|
Comprehensive
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance
December 31, 2005
|
|
|
1,054 |
|
|
$ |
21 |
|
|
$ |
9,263 |
|
|
$ |
(2,067 |
) |
|
$ |
253 |
|
|
$ |
7,470 |
|
Comprehensive
income
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net
income
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
2,113 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
2,113 |
|
Decrease
in unrealized gain on securities available-for-sale, net of
tax
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
(16 |
) |
|
|
(16 |
) |
Changes
in fair value of cash flow hedges, net of tax
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
(27 |
) |
|
|
(27 |
) |
Change
in post-retirement benefit obligation, net of tax
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
(6 |
) |
|
|
(6 |
) |
Comprehensive
income
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2,064 |
|
Issuance
of stock upon exercise of options
|
|
|
9 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
288 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
288 |
|
Income
tax benefits realized from employee stock option exercises
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
179 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
179 |
|
Issuance
of stock under employee stock purchase plan
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
97 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
97 |
|
Stock-based
compensation expense
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
376 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
376 |
|
Repurchase
of Common Stock
|
|
|
(12 |
) |
|
|
– |
|
|
|
(112 |
) |
|
|
(884 |
) |
|
|
– |
|
|
|
(996 |
) |
Balance
December 31, 2006
|
|
|
1,053 |
|
|
|
21 |
|
|
|
10,091 |
|
|
|
(838 |
) |
|
|
204 |
|
|
|
9,478 |
|
Comprehensive
income
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net
income
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
2,769 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
2,769 |
|
Increase
in unrealized gain on securities available-for-sale, net of
tax
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
5 |
|
|
|
5 |
|
Changes
in fair value of cash flow hedges, net of tax
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
(10 |
) |
|
|
(10 |
) |
Change
in post-retirement benefit obligation, net of tax
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
(2 |
) |
|
|
(2 |
) |
Comprehensive
income
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2,762 |
|
Issuance
of stock upon exercise of options
|
|
|
10 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
340 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
340 |
|
Income
tax benefits realized from employee stock option exercises
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
177 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
177 |
|
Issuance
of stock under employee stock purchase plan
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
112 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
112 |
|
Stock-based
compensation expense
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
407 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
407 |
|
Cumulative
effect of change in accounting principle
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
(26 |
) |
|
|
– |
|
|
|
(26 |
) |
Repurchase
of Common Stock
|
|
|
(13 |
) |
|
|
– |
|
|
|
(132 |
) |
|
|
(913 |
) |
|
|
– |
|
|
|
(1,045 |
) |
Prepaid
repurchase of Common Stock
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
(300 |
) |
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
(300 |
) |
Balance
December 31, 2007
|
|
|
1,052 |
|
|
|
21 |
|
|
|
10,695 |
|
|
|
992 |
|
|
|
197 |
|
|
|
11,905 |
|
Comprehensive
income
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net
income
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
3,427 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
3,427 |
|
Decrease
in unrealized gain on securities available-for-sale, net of
tax
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
(79 |
) |
|
|
(79 |
) |
Changes
in fair value of cash flow hedges, net of tax
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
5 |
|
|
|
5 |
|
Change
in post-retirement benefit obligation, net of tax
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
1 |
|
Comprehensive
income
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3,354 |
|
Issuance
of stock upon exercise of options
|
|
|
13 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
572 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
572 |
|
Income
tax benefits realized from employee stock option exercises
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
124 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
124 |
|
Issuance
of stock under employee stock purchase plan
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
108 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
108 |
|
Stock-based
compensation expense
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
388 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
388 |
|
Repurchase
of Common Stock and settlement of prepaid stock repurchase
agreement
|
|
|
(14 |
) |
|
|
– |
|
|
|
157 |
|
|
|
(937 |
) |
|
|
– |
|
|
|
(780 |
) |
Balance
December 31, 2008
|
|
|
1,053 |
|
|
$ |
21 |
|
|
$ |
12,044 |
|
|
$ |
3,482 |
|
|
$ |
124 |
|
|
$ |
15,671 |
|
See
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
NOTES
TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
In
this Annual Report, “Genentech,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to Genentech, Inc.
“Common Stock” refers to Genentech’s Common Stock, par value $0.02 per share,
“Special Common Stock” refers to Genentech’s callable putable common stock, par
value $0.02 per share, all of which was redeemed by Roche Holdings, Inc. (RHI)
on June 30, 1999 (the Redemption).
Note
1.
|
DESCRIPTION
OF BUSINESS
|
Genentech
is a leading biotechnology company that discovers, develops, manufactures and
commercializes medicines for patients with significant unmet medical needs. We
commercialize multiple biotechnology products and also receive royalties from
companies that are licensed to market products based on our
technology.
Redemption
of Our Special Common Stock
On
June 30, 1999, RHI exercised its option to cause us to redeem all of our Special
Common Stock held by stockholders other than RHI. The Redemption was reflected
as a purchase of a business, which under GAAP required push-down accounting to
reflect in our financial statements the amounts paid for our stock in excess of
our net book value. The aggregate purchase price for the acquisition of all of
Genentech’s outstanding shares, including RHI’s estimated transaction costs of
$10 million, was $6,605 million.
Note
2.
|
SUMMARY
OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
|
Principles
of Consolidation
The
consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Genentech and all of
our wholly-owned subsidiaries. Material intercompany accounts and transactions
have been eliminated.
Use
of Estimates
The
preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management
to make judgments, assumptions, and estimates that affect the amounts reported
in our consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results
could differ materially from those estimates.
Recent
Accounting Pronouncements
In
December 2007, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No.
141R, “Business Combinations” (FAS 141R), which replaces
FAS No. 141 (FAS 141). The statement retains the purchase method of accounting
for acquisitions, but requires a number of changes, including changes in the way
assets and liabilities are recognized in purchase accounting. It also changes
the recognition of assets acquired and liabilities assumed arising from
contingencies, requires the capitalization of in-process research and
development at fair value, and requires the expensing of acquisition-related
costs as incurred. FAS No. 141R became effective for us on January 1, 2009. The
effect of the adoption of FAS 141R will depend upon the nature of any future
business combinations we undertake.
In
December 2007, the FASB issued EITF 07-1, “Accounting for Collaborative
Agreements”
(EITF 07-1). EITF 07-1 provides guidance regarding financial statement
presentation and disclosure of collaborative arrangements, which includes
arrangements entered into regarding development and commercialization of
products. It requires certain transactions between collaborators to be recorded
in the income statement on either a gross or net basis when certain
characteristics exist in the collaborative relationship. EITF 07-1 became
effective for us on January 1, 2009. The adoption of EITF 07-1 will not have an
effect on our financial condition or our net income. However, the adoption of
EITF 07-1 may have an effect on the presentation of collaborative arrangements
in our income statements and could result in the reporting of lower amounts of
contract revenues, R&D expenses, and profit sharing
expense.
In
February 2008, the FASB issued Statement of Financial Position (FSP) No. 157-2,
which delays the effective date of FAS 157 for non-financial assets and
non-financial liabilities, except for items that are recognized or disclosed at
fair value on a recurring basis (items that are remeasured at least annually).
The FSP deferred the effective date of FAS 157 for non-financial assets and
non-financial liabilities until our fiscal year beginning on January 1, 2009. We
do not expect the adoption of FAS 157 for non-financial assets and non-financial
liabilities to have a material effect on our consolidated financial
statements.
In
March 2008, the FASB issued FAS No. 161, “Disclosures about Derivative
Instruments and Hedging Activities, an amendment of FASB Statement No.
133” (FAS 161).
FAS 161 requires us to provide greater transparency about how and why we use
derivative instruments, how the instruments and related hedged items are
accounted for under FAS No. 133, “Accounting for Derivative
Instruments and Hedging Activities” (FAS 133), and how the
instruments and related hedged items affect our financial position, results of
operations, and cash flows. FAS 161 became effective for us on January 1, 2009.
We do not expect the adoption of FAS 161 to have an effect on our financial
condition or results of operations, but we will be required to expand our
disclosure regarding our derivative instruments.
Revenue
Recognition
We
recognize revenue from the sale of our products, royalties earned, and contract
arrangements. Advance payments received in excess of amounts earned are
classified as deferred revenue until earned.
Product
Sales
We
recognize revenue from product sales when there is persuasive evidence that an
arrangement exists, title passes, the price is fixed and determinable, and
collectibility is reasonably assured. Allowances are established for estimated
rebates, healthcare provider contractual chargebacks, prompt-pay sales
discounts, product returns, and wholesaler and distributor inventory management
allowances. In our domestic commercial collaboration agreements, we have primary
responsibility for U.S. product sales commercialization efforts, including
selling and marketing, customer service, order entry, distribution, shipping and
billing. We record net product sales and related production and selling costs in
our income statement line items on a gross basis, since we have the
manufacturing risk and/or inventory risk, and credit risk, and meet the criteria
as a principal under EITF 99-19.
Royalties
We
recognize revenue from royalties based on licensees’ sales of our products or
products using our technologies. Royalties are recognized as earned in
accordance with the contract terms when royalties from licensees can be
reasonably estimated and collectibility is reasonably assured. If the
collectibility of a royalty amount is not reasonably assured, royalties are
recognized as revenue when the cash is received. For approximately half of our
royalty revenue, estimates are made using historical and forecasted sales trends
and used as a basis to record amounts in advance of amounts
collected.
Contract
Revenue
Contract
revenue generally includes up-front and continuing licensing fees, manufacturing
fees, milestone payments and net reimbursements from collaborators on
development, post-marketing and commercial costs. Nonrefundable up-front fees,
including product opt-ins, for which no further performance obligations exist,
are recognized as revenue on the earlier of when payments are received or
collection is reasonably assured. Fees associated with substantive milestones,
which are contingent upon future events for which there is reasonable
uncertainty as to their achievement at the time the agreement was entered into,
are recognized as revenue when these milestones, as defined in the contract, are
achieved.
Certain
of our revenue arrangements contain multiple deliverables. For those contract
arrangements with multiple deliverables that were entered into prior to the
effective date of July 1, 2003 for EITF 00-21, “Revenue Arrangements with Multiple
Deliverables”
(EITF 00-21), our accounting policy on contract revenue is as
follows:
Ÿ
|
Nonrefundable
up-front licensing fees, including product opt-ins, and certain
guaranteed, time-based payments that require our continuing involvement in
the form of development, manufacturing or other commercialization efforts
by us are recognized as revenue:
|
Ÿ
|
ratably
over the development period if development risk is significant,
or
|
Ÿ
|
ratably
over the manufacturing period or estimated product useful life if
development risk has been substantially
eliminated.
|
For
those contract arrangements with multiple deliverables that were entered into
subsequent to the effective date of July 1, 2003 for EITF 00-21, our accounting
policy is as follows:
Ÿ
|
We
evaluate whether there is stand-alone value to the customer for the
delivered elements and objective evidence of fair value to allocate
revenue to each element in multiple element agreements. When the delivered
element does not have stand-alone value or there is insufficient evidence
of fair value for the undelivered element(s), we recognize the
consideration for the combined unit of accounting in the same manner as
the revenue is recognized for the final deliverable, which is generally
ratably over the longest period of
involvement.
|
Collaborations
resulting in a net reimbursement of research, development, post-marketing,
and/or commercial costs are recognized as revenue as the related costs are
incurred. The corresponding research, development and post-marketing expenses
are included in R&D expenses and the corresponding commercial costs are
included in MG&A expenses in the Consolidated Statements of
Income.
Product
Sales Allowances
Revenue
from product sales are recorded net of allowances for estimated rebates,
healthcare provider contractual chargebacks, prompt-pay sales discounts, product
returns, and wholesaler and distributor inventory management allowances, all of
which are established at the time of sale. These allowances are based on
estimates of the amounts earned or to be claimed on the related sales. These
estimates take into consideration our historical experience, current contractual
and statutory requirements, specific known market events and trends such as
competitive pricing and new product introductions, and forecasted customer
buying patterns and inventory levels, including the shelf life of our products.
Rebates, healthcare provider contractual chargebacks, inventory management
allowances, prompt-pay sales discounts and product returns are product-specific,
which can be affected by the mix of products sold in any given period. All of
our product sales allowances are based on estimates. If actual future results
vary, we may need to adjust these estimates, which could have an effect on
earnings in the period of the adjustment. Our product sales allowances and
accruals are as follows:
Ÿ
|
Rebate
allowances and accruals comprise both direct and indirect rebates. Direct
rebates are contractual price adjustments payable to wholesalers and
specialty pharmacies that purchase products directly from us. Indirect
rebates are contractual price adjustments payable to healthcare providers
and organizations, such as payers, clinics, hospitals, pharmacies, and
group purchasing organizations that do not purchase products directly from
us. Both types of allowances are based on definitive contractual
agreements or legal requirements (such as Medicaid) related to the
dispensing of the product by a pharmacy, clinic, or hospital to a benefit
plan participant. Rebate accruals are recorded in the same period that the
related revenue is recognized, resulting in a reduction to product sales
revenue and the recognition of a contra asset (if due to a wholesaler or
specialty pharmacy) or a liability (if due to a third party, such as a
healthcare provider) as appropriate, which are included in accounts
receivable allowances or other accrued liabilities, respectively. Rebates
are estimated using historical and other data, including patient usage,
customer buying patterns, applicable contractual rebate rates, and
contract performance by the benefit providers. Rebate estimates are
evaluated quarterly and may require adjustments to better align our
estimates with actual results. As part of this evaluation, we review
changes to federal legislation, changes to rebate contracts, changes in
the level of discounts, and changes in product sales trends. Although
rebates are accrued at the time of sale, rebates are typically paid out,
on average, up to six months after the
sale.
|
Ÿ
|
Healthcare
provider contractual chargebacks are the result of contractual commitments
by us to provide products to healthcare providers at specified prices or
discounts. These contracted healthcare providers include (i) hospitals
that service a disproportionately high share of economically indigent and
Medicaid patients for which they receive little or no reimbursement (i.e.,
Disproportionate Share Hospitals), (ii) government-owned hospitals that
receive discounts, and (iii) hospitals that have contract pricing for
certain products, usually through a group purchasing agreement.
Chargebacks occur when a contracted healthcare provider purchases our
products through an intermediary wholesaler at fixed contract prices that
are lower than the list prices we charge the wholesalers. The wholesaler,
in turn, charges us back for the difference between the price initially
paid by the wholesaler and the contract price paid to the wholesaler by
the healthcare providers. Chargebacks are accrued at the time of sale and
are estimated based on historical trends, which closely approximate actual
results as we generally issue credits within a few weeks of the time of
sale.
|
Ÿ
|
Prompt-pay
sales discounts are credits granted to wholesalers for remitting payment
on their purchases within contractually defined cash repayment incentive
periods. The contractually defined cash repayment periods are generally 30
days; however, for newly launched products, we have offered and we may
offer in the future, extended payment terms to wholesalers. In connection
with the launch of Lucentis, we have offered, and continue to offer, an
extended payment terms program to certain wholesalers. Based upon our
experience that it is rare that a wholesaler does not comply with the
contractual terms to earn the prompt-pay sales discount, we accrue 100
percent of the prompt-pay sales discounts at the time of original
sale.
|
Ÿ
|
Wholesaler
and distributor inventory management allowances are credits granted to
wholesalers and distributors for compliance with various contractually
defined inventory management programs. These programs provide monetary
incentives in the form of a credit for wholesalers and distributors to
maintain consistent inventory levels at approximately two to three weeks
of sales depending on the product. These wholesaler inventory management
credits are calculated based on quarterly product purchases multiplied by
a factor to determine the maximum possible credit for a product for the
preceding quarter. Adjustments to reduce the maximum credit are made if
the wholesaler does not meet and/or comply with the contractually defined
metrics. These metrics include data timeliness, completeness and accuracy
and deviations outside of the contracted inventory days on hand for each
product. The maximum credits are accrued at the time of sale, and are
typically granted to wholesaler accounts within 90 days after the
sale.
|
Ÿ
|
Product
return allowances are established in accordance with our returns policy,
which allows buyers to return our products within two months prior to and
six months following product expiration. Most of our products are sold to
our wholesalers with at least six months of dating prior to expiration. As
part of our estimation process, we calculate historical return data on a
production lot basis. Historical rates of return are determined by product
and are adjusted for known or expected changes in the marketplace specific
to each product. In addition, we review expiration dates to determine the
remaining shelf life of each product not yet returned. Although product
return allowances are accrued at the time of sale, the majority of returns
take place up to two years after the
sale.
|
Allowances
against receivable balances primarily relate to product returns,
wholesaler-related direct rebates, prompt-pay sales discounts, and wholesaler
inventory management allowances, and are recorded in the same period that the
related revenue is recognized, resulting in a reduction in product sales revenue
and the reporting of product sales receivable net of allowances. Accruals
related to indirect rebates and contractual chargebacks for healthcare providers
are recognized in the same period that the related revenue is recognized,
resulting in a reduction in product sales revenue, and are recorded as other
accrued liabilities.
Commercial
Collaboration Accounting
We
have domestic commercial collaboration profit sharing agreements with Biogen
Idec on Rituxan, with Novartis Pharma AG on Xolair, and with OSI Pharmaceuticals
on Tarceva. In these agreements, we have primary responsibility for U.S.
commercialization, including sales and/or marketing, customer support, order
entry, distribution, shipping, and billing. In addition to being primarily
responsible for providing the product or service to
the
customer, we have general inventory risk prior to the customer placing an order
or upon customer return, and we are exposed to customer credit risk. We record
net product sales and related production and selling costs for our domestic
collaborations in our Consolidated Statements of Income on a gross basis since
we are the principal in the sales transaction as defined under EITF 99-19. The
collaboration profit sharing expense line in our Consolidated Statements of
Income includes the profit sharing results with Biogen Idec on Rituxan, with
Novartis Pharma AG on Xolair, and with OSI Pharmaceuticals on
Tarceva.
We
have a European commercial collaboration profit sharing agreement with Novartis
Pharma AG on Xolair. We do not record the net product sales and related
production and selling costs for our European collaboration in our Consolidated
Statements of Income on a gross basis since we do not meet the criteria as a
principal under EITF 99-19, and instead record our net share of the European
collaboration profits as contract revenue (or collaboration losses as
collaboration profit sharing expense). See also Note 10, “Relationship with
Roche Holdings, Inc. and Related Party Transactions,” regarding Novartis-related
collaboration costs and profit sharing expenses.
Research
and Development Expenses
Research
and development (R&D) expenses include salaries, benefits, and other
headcount related costs; clinical trial and related clinical manufacturing
costs; contract and other outside service fees; employee stock-based
compensation expense; and facilities and overhead costs. R&D expenses
consist of independent R&D costs and costs associated with collaborative
R&D and in-licensing arrangements. In addition, we acquire R&D services
from other companies and fund research institutions under agreements that we can
generally terminate at will. R&D expenses also include post-marketing
activities such as Phase IV and investigator-sponsored trials and product
registries. R&D costs, including up-front fees and milestones paid to
collaborators, are expensed as incurred, if the underlying technology and/or
intellectual property rights acquired are determined not to have an alternative
future use. The costs of the acquisition of technology are capitalized if they
have alternative future uses in other R&D projects or otherwise. R&D
collaborations resulting in a net payment of development and post-marketing
costs to our collaborators are recognized as R&D expense as the related
costs are incurred.
Royalty
Expenses
Royalty
expenses and milestones directly related to product sales are classified in COS.
Other royalty expenses, related to royalty revenue, are classified in MG&A
expenses and totaled $379 million in 2008, $312 million in 2007, and $221
million in 2006.
Advertising
Expenses
We
expense the costs of advertising, which also include promotional expenses, as
incurred. Advertising expenses were $371 million in 2008, $400 million in 2007,
and $439 million in 2006.
Research
and Development Arrangements
To
gain access to potential new products and technologies and to utilize other
companies to help develop our potential new products, we establish strategic
alliances with various companies. These strategic alliances often include the
acquisition of marketable and nonmarketable equity investments or debt of
companies developing technologies that complement or fall outside of our
research focus and include companies having the potential to generate new
products through technology licensing and/or investments. Potential future
payments may be due to certain collaborators achieving certain benchmarks as
defined in the collaborative agreements. We also entered into product-specific
collaborations to acquire development and marketing rights for products. See
Note 9, “Leases, Commitments, and Contingencies,” and Note 10, “Relationship
with Roche Holdings, Inc. and Related Party Transactions,” below for a
discussion of our more significant collaborations.
Cash
and Cash Equivalents
We
consider all highly liquid available-for-sale debt securities purchased with an
original maturity of three months or less to be cash
equivalents.
Inventories
Inventories
are stated at the lower of cost or market value. Cost is determined using a
weighted-average approach, assuming full absorption of direct and indirect
manufacturing costs, based on normal product capacity utilization assumptions.
Excess or idle capacity costs, resulting from utilization below a plant’s normal
capacity, are recognized as COS in the period in which they are incurred. If
inventory costs exceed expected market value due to obsolescence or insufficient
forecasted demand, reserves are recorded for the difference between the cost and
the estimated market value. These reserves are determined based on significant
estimates. Inventories may include currently marketed products manufactured
under a new process or at facilities awaiting regulatory licensure. These
inventories are capitalized if, in our judgment, at the time of
manufacture near-term regulatory licensure is reasonably assured. In addition,
inventories include employee stock-based compensation expenses capitalized under
FAS 123R and capitalized costs related to the retention plans approved in August
2008.
Investments
in Marketable and Nonmarketable Securities
We
hold investments in short-term and long-term marketable securities, consisting
primarily of corporate bonds, commercial paper, government and agency
securities, municipal bonds and bonds denominated in foreign currencies but
hedged to U.S. dollars. As part of our strategic alliance efforts, we may also
invest in equity securities, dividend-bearing convertible preferred stock, and
interest-bearing debt of other biotechnology companies. We record these
investments under the cost method of accounting, as we hold less than a 20%
ownership position in all of these collaborator companies.
We
classify marketable equity and debt securities into one of two
categories: available-for-sale or trading. Trading securities are bought,
held, and sold with the objective of generating returns. We have established
maximum amounts of our total investment portfolio that can be included in our
trading portfolio, the majority of which is managed by investment management
firms that operate within investment policy guidelines that we provide. Trading
securities are classified as short-term investments and are carried at estimated
fair market value. Unrealized holding gains and losses on trading securities are
included in “Interest and other income, net.” Debt securities and marketable
equity securities not classified as trading are considered available-for-sale.
These securities are carried at estimated fair value (see Note 4, “Investment
Securities and Financial Instruments,” below) with unrealized gains and losses
included in accumulated other comprehensive income in stockholders’ equity.
Unrealized losses are charged against “Interest and other income, net” when a
decline in fair value is determined to be other-than-temporary. We review
several factors to determine whether a loss is other-than-temporary. These
factors include but are not limited to: (i) the extent to which the fair value
is less than cost and the cause for the fair value decline, (ii) the financial
condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, (iii) the length of time a
security is in an unrealized loss position and (iv) our ability to hold the
security for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery
in fair value. Available-for-sale equity securities and available-for-sale debt
securities with remaining maturities of greater than one year are classified as
long-term.
If
the impairment is considered to be other-than-temporary, the security is written
down to its estimated fair value. Other-than-temporary declines in estimated
fair value of all marketable securities are charged to “Interest and other
income, net.” The cost of all securities sold is based on the specific
identification method. We recognized charges of $83 million in 2008, $50 million
in 2007, and $4 million in 2006 related to other-than-temporary declines in the
estimated fair values of certain of our marketable equity and debt
securities.
Nonmarketable
equity securities are carried at cost, less any write-downs for impairment. We
periodically monitor the liquidity and financing activities and R&D progress
of the respective issuers to determine if impairment write-downs to our
nonmarketable equity securities are necessary.
Derivative
Instruments
We
use derivatives to manage our market exposure to fluctuations in foreign
currencies, U.S. interest rates and marketable equity investments. We record all
derivatives on the balance sheet at estimated fair value. For derivative
instruments that are designated and qualify as a fair value hedge (i.e., hedging
the exposure to changes in the
estimated
fair value of an asset or a liability or an identified portion thereof that is
attributable to a particular risk), the gain or loss on the derivative
instrument, as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item
attributable to the hedged risk, is recognized in current earnings during the
period of the change in estimated fair values. For derivative instruments that
are designated and qualify as a cash flow hedge (i.e., hedging the exposure to
variability in expected future cash flows that is attributable to a particular
risk), the effective portion of the gain or loss on the derivative instrument is
reported as a component of other comprehensive income and reclassified into
earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction
affects earnings. The gain or loss on the derivative instruments in excess of
the cumulative change in the present value of future cash flows of the hedged
transaction, if any, is recognized in current earnings during the period of
change. We do not use derivative instruments for speculative purposes. See Note
4, “Investment Securities and Financial Instruments—Derivative Financial
Instruments,” below for further information on our accounting for
derivatives.
Property,
Plant and Equipment
The
costs of buildings and equipment are depreciated using the straight-line method
over the estimated useful lives of the assets, but not more than:
|
Useful
Lives
|
Buildings
|
25
years
|
Certain
manufacturing equipment
|
15
years
|
Other
equipment
|
3
to 8 years
|
Leasehold
improvements
|
Length
of applicable lease
|
Depreciation
expense on biologics manufacturing facilities constructed or purchased begins
once production activities have commenced at the facility, which is generally at
the point at which qualification lots are being successfully produced. The point
at which depreciation is commenced best represents the point at which the asset
is ready for its intended use, and generally precedes FDA licensure of the
facility.
FDA
Validation Costs
FDA
validation costs are capitalized as part of the effort required to acquire and
construct long-lived assets, including readying them for their intended use, and
are amortized over the estimated useful life of the asset or the term of the
lease, whichever is shorter, and charged to COS. These costs are included in
“Other long-term assets” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance
Sheets.
Goodwill
and Other Intangible Assets
Goodwill
represents the difference between the purchase price and the estimated fair
value of the net assets acquired when accounted for by the purchase method of
accounting and arises from RHI’s purchases of our Special Common Stock and
push-down accounting (refer to “Redemption of Our Special Common Stock” in Note
1 above) as well as from our acquisition of Tanox in 2007. In accordance with
FAS 142, “Goodwill and Intangible
Assets” (FAS
142), we do not amortize goodwill. Also in accordance with FAS 142, we perform
an annual impairment test of goodwill at the company level, which is the sole
reporting unit, and have found no impairment. We will continue to evaluate our
goodwill for impairment annually and whenever events and changes in
circumstances suggest that the carrying amount may not be
recoverable.
We
amortize intangible assets with definite lives on a straight-line basis over
their estimated useful lives, ranging from five to 15 years, and review for
impairment on a quarterly basis and when events or changes in circumstances
indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be
recoverable.
Restricted
Cash and Investments
We
entered into an arrangement with third-party insurance companies to post a bond
in connection with the COH trial judgment. As part of this arrangement, we were
required to pledge cash and investments to secure this bond. As of December 31,
2007, we held restricted cash and investments of $788 million, related to the
surety bond, and these
amounts
are reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheet in “Restricted cash and
investments.” As a result of the April 24, 2008 California Supreme Court
decision, we paid $476 million to COH in the second quarter of 2008,
reflecting the amount of compensatory damages awarded plus interest thereon from
the date of the original decision, June 10, 2002. During the third quarter of
2008, the court completed certain administrative procedures to dismiss the case.
As a result, the restrictions were lifted from the restricted cash and
investments accounts, which consisted of available-for-sale investments, and the
funds became available for use in our operations. See Note 9, “Leases,
Commitments, and Contingencies,” for further discussion of the COH
litigation.
Impairment
of Long-Lived Assets
Long-lived
assets and certain identifiable intangible assets to be held and used are
reviewed for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that
the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Determination of
recoverability is based on an estimate of undiscounted future cash flows
resulting from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition. In the event
that such cash flows are not expected to be sufficient to recover the carrying
amount of the assets, the assets are written down to their estimated fair
values. Long-lived assets and certain identifiable intangible assets to be
disposed of are reported at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost
to sell.
Sabbatical
Leave Benefits
On
January 1, 2007, we adopted EITF Issue No. 06-2, “Accounting for Sabbatical Leave and
Other Similar Benefits Pursuant to FASB Statement No. 43, Accounting for
Compensated Absences” (EITF 06-2). Prior to the
adoption of EITF 06-2, we recorded a liability for a sabbatical leave when the
employee vested in the benefit, which was only at the end of a six-year service
period. Under EITF 06-2, we accrue an estimated liability for a sabbatical leave
over the requisite six-year service period, as the employee’s services are
rendered. Upon our adoption of EITF 06-2, we recorded an adjustment to retained
earnings of $26 million, net of tax, as a cumulative effect of a change in
accounting principle.
Accounting
for Employee Stock-Based Compensation
We
account for share-based payment under FAS 123R, which requires the recognition
of compensation expense, using a fair-value based method, for costs related to
all share-based payments, including stock options and stock issued under our
employee stock purchase plan (ESPP). FAS 123R requires companies to estimate the
fair value of share-based payment awards on the date of grant using an
option-pricing model. We have adopted the simplified method to calculate the
beginning balance of the additional paid-in-capital (APIC) pool of the excess
tax benefit, and to determine the subsequent effect on the APIC pool and
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows of the tax effects of employee stock-based
compensation awards. See Note 3, “Retention Plans and Employee Stock-Based
Compensation,” for further discussion of employee stock-based
compensation.
401(k)
Plan and Other Postretirement Benefits
Our
401(k) Plan (the 401(k) Plan) covers substantially all of our employees. We
match a portion of employee contributions, up to a maximum of 5% of each
employee’s eligible compensation. The match is funded concurrently with a
participant’s semi-monthly contribution to the 401(k) Plan. Additionally, we
contributed annually to every employee’s account 2% of his or her eligible
compensation, regardless of whether the employee actively participates in the
401(k) Plan. We recorded expense of $91 million in 2008, $85 million in 2007,
and $68 million in 2006 for our contributions under the Plan.
In
addition, we provide certain postretirement benefits, primarily healthcare
related, to employees who meet certain eligibility criteria. In accordance with
FAS No. 158, “Employers’
Accounting for Defined Benefit Pension and Other Postretirement Plans–an
amendment of FASB Statements No. 87, 88, 106, and 132(R)” (FAS 158), we
recognize the funded status of our postretirement benefit plan in the statement
of financial position. As of December 31, 2008 and 2007, our postretirement
benefit plan was not funded. The accumulated postretirement benefit obligation
as of December 31, 2008 and 2007 was $30 million and $27 million, respectively,
which was primarily included in “Other long-term liabilities” in the
Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Stock
Repurchases
The
par value method of accounting is used for our common stock repurchases. The
excess of the cost of shares acquired over the par value is allocated to
additional paid-in capital with the amounts in excess of the estimated original
sales price charged to retained earnings.
Income
Taxes
Our
income tax provision is computed using the liability method in accordance with
FAS No. 109, “Accounting for Income
Taxes”. Deferred
tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the
financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax
rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse.
Significant estimates are required in determining our provisions for income
taxes. Some of these estimates are based on interpretations of existing tax laws
or regulations. We believe that our estimates are reasonable and that our
reserves for income tax-related uncertainties are adequate. Various internal and
external factors may have favorable or unfavorable effects on our future
effective income tax rate. These factors include, but are not limited to,
changes in tax laws, regulations, and/or rates; the results of any tax
examinations; changing interpretations of existing tax laws or regulations;
changes in estimates of prior years’ items; past and future levels of R&D
spending; acquisitions; changes in our corporate structure; and changes in
overall levels of income before taxes—all of which may result in periodic
revisions to our effective income tax rate.
Effective
with the consummation of the public offering of our Common Stock by RHI on
October 26, 1999, we ceased to be a member of the consolidated federal income
tax group (and certain consolidated or combined state and local income tax
groups) of which RHI is the common parent. Accordingly, our tax sharing
agreement with RHI now pertains only to the state and local tax returns in which
we are consolidated or combined with RHI. We will continue to calculate our tax
liability or refund with RHI for these state and local jurisdictions as if we
were a stand-alone entity.
On
January 1, 2007, we adopted the provisions of FIN 48. Implementation of FIN 48
did not result in a cumulative adjustment to retained earnings. The total amount
of unrecognized tax benefits as of the date of adoption was $147 million. Of
this total, $112 million represents the amount of unrecognized tax benefits
that, if recognized, would favorably affect our effective income tax rate in any
future period. See Note 13, “Income Taxes,” for further discussion of FIN
48.
Earnings
Per Share
Basic
earnings per share (EPS) are computed based on the weighted-average number of
shares of our Common Stock outstanding. Diluted EPS is computed based on the
weighted-average number of shares of our Common Stock and other dilutive
securities.
The
following is a reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of the basic
and diluted EPS computations (in millions):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Numerator:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net
income
|
|
$ |
3,427 |
|
|
$ |
2,769 |
|
|
$ |
2,113 |
|
Denominator:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weighted-average
shares outstanding used to compute basic EPS
|
|
|
1,053 |
|
|
|
1,053 |
|
|
|
1,053 |
|
Effect
of dilutive stock options
|
|
|
14 |
|
|
|
16 |
|
|
|
20 |
|
Weighted-average
shares outstanding and dilutive securities used to compute diluted
EPS
|
|
|
1,067 |
|
|
|
1,069 |
|
|
|
1,073 |
|
Outstanding
employee stock options to purchase approximately 47 million shares of our Common
Stock for 2008 were excluded from the computation of diluted EPS because the
effect would have been anti-dilutive. See Note 3, “Retention Plans and
Employee Stock-Based Compensation,” for information on option exercise prices
and expiration dates.
Comprehensive
Income
Comprehensive
income comprises net income and other comprehensive income (OCI). OCI includes
certain changes in stockholders’ equity that are excluded from net income.
Specifically, we include in OCI changes in the estimated fair value of
derivatives designated as effective cash flow hedges, unrealized gains and
losses on our available-for-sale securities, and gains or losses and prior
service costs or credits that arise during the period but are not recognized as
components of net periodic benefit cost. Comprehensive income for the years
ended December 31, 2008, 2007, and 2006 has been reflected in the Consolidated
Statements of Stockholders’ Equity.
The
components of accumulated other comprehensive income, net of taxes, at December
31, 2008 and 2007 were as follows (in millions):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net
unrealized gains on securities available-for-sale
|
|
$ |
140 |
|
|
$ |
219 |
|
Net
unrealized losses on cash flow hedges
|
|
|
(9 |
) |
|
|
(14 |
) |
Change
in post-retirement benefit obligation
|
|
|
(7 |
) |
|
|
(8 |
) |
Accumulated
other comprehensive income
|
|
$ |
124 |
|
|
$ |
197 |
|
The
activity in OCI was as follows (in millions):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Decrease
in unrealized gains on securities available-for-sale (net of
tax: 2008-$(59); 2007-$(7); 2006-$(11))
|
|
$ |
(83 |
) |
|
$ |
(10 |
) |
|
$ |
(13 |
) |
Reclassification
adjustment for net losses (gains) on securities available-for-sale
included in net income (net of tax: 2008-$3; 2007-$10;
2006-$(2))
|
|
|
4 |
|
|
|
15 |
|
|
|
(3 |
) |
Decrease
in unrealized gains on cash flow hedges (net of tax: 2008-$(17);
2007-$(8); 2006-$(12))
|
|
|
(26 |
) |
|
|
(12 |
) |
|
|
(18 |
) |
Reclassification
adjustment for net losses (gains) on cash flow hedges included in net
income (net of tax: 2008-$20; 2007-$2; 2006-$(6))
|
|
|
31 |
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
(9 |
) |
Change
in post-retirement benefit obligation (net of tax: 2008-$0; 2007-$(1);
2006-$(4))
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
(2 |
) |
|
|
(6 |
) |
Other
comprehensive loss
|
|
$ |
(73 |
) |
|
$ |
(7 |
) |
|
$ |
(49 |
) |
Note
3.
|
RETENTION
PLANS AND EMPLOYEE STOCK-BASED
COMPENSATION
|
Retention
Plan Costs
On
July 21, 2008, we announced that we received an unsolicited proposal from Roche
to acquire all of the outstanding shares of our Common Stock not owned by
Roche at a price of $89 in cash per share (the Roche Proposal). On February
9, 2009, Roche commenced the Roche Tender Offer which replaced the Roche
Proposal that was announced on July 21, 2008. See also Note 10, “Relationship
with Roche Holdings, Inc. and Related Party Transactions,” for more information
on the Roche Proposal and the Roche Tender Offer. On August 18, 2008, we
announced that the Special Committee approved the implementation of two
retention plans that together cover substantially all employees of the company.
The plans are estimated to cost approximately $375 million, payable in cash, and
were implemented in lieu of our 2008 annual stock option grant. The timing of
the payments related to these plans will depend on the outcome of the Roche
Tender Offer or any other tender offer or other proposal by Roche to acquire all
of the outstanding shares of our Common Stock not owned by Roche. If a merger of
Genentech
with
Roche or an affiliate of Roche has not occurred on or before June 30, 2009, we
will pay the retention bonus at that time in accordance with the terms of the
plans. We are currently recognizing the retention plan costs in our financial
statements ratably over the period from August 18, 2008 to June 30, 2009. If a
merger of Genentech with Roche or an affiliate of Roche has occurred on or
before June 30, 2009, the timing of the payments and the recognition of the
expense will depend on the terms of the merger.
Retention
plan costs were as follows (in
millions, except per share data):
|
|
|
|
Research
and development
|
|
$ |
66 |
|
Marketing,
general and administrative
|
|
|
69 |
|
Total
retention plan costs
|
|
$ |
135 |
|
In
2008, an additional $27 million of retention plan costs were capitalized into
inventory, which will be recognized as COS as products that were manufactured
after the initiation of the retention plans are estimated to be
sold.
Employee
Stock Plans
Our
ESPP was adopted in 1991 and amended thereafter. The ESPP allows eligible
employees to purchase Common Stock at 85% of the lower of the fair market value
of the Common Stock on the grant date or the fair market value on the purchase
date. The offering period under the ESPP is currently 15 months, and the
purchase price is established during each new offering period. Purchases are
limited to 15% of each employee’s eligible compensation and subject to certain
IRS restrictions. In general, all of our regular full-time employees are
eligible to participate in the ESPP. Of the 62,400,000 shares of Common Stock
reserved for issuance under the ESPP, 50,501,542 shares have been issued as of
December 31, 2008.
We
currently grant options under the Genentech, Inc. 2004 Equity Incentive Plan,
which allows for the granting of non-qualified stock options, incentive stock
options and stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, performance units or
performance shares to our employees, directors and consultants. Incentive stock
options may only be granted to employees under this plan. Generally, stock
options granted to employees have a maximum term of 10 years, and vest over a
four year period from the date of grant; 25% vest at the end of one year,
and 75% vest monthly over the remaining three years. We may grant options with
different vesting terms from time to time. Unless an employee’s termination of
service is due to retirement, disability, or death, upon termination of service,
any unexercised vested options will be forfeited at the end of three months or
the expiration of the option, whichever is earlier.
Stock-Based
Compensation Expense under FAS 123R
Employee
stock-based compensation expense was calculated based on awards ultimately
expected to vest and has been reduced for estimated forfeitures. FAS 123R
requires forfeitures to be estimated at the time of grant and revised, if
necessary, in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those
estimates.
Employee
stock-based compensation expense recognized under FAS 123R was as follows (in millions, except per share
data):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cost
of sales
|
|
$ |
82 |
|
|
$ |
71 |
|
|
$ |
– |
|
Research
and development
|
|
|
152 |
|
|
|
153 |
|
|
|
140 |
|
Marketing,
general and administrative
|
|
|
165 |
|
|
|
179 |
|
|
|
169 |
|
Total
employee stock-based compensation expense
|
|
|
399 |
|
|
|
403 |
|
|
|
309 |
|
Tax
benefit related to employee stock-based compensation
expense
|
|
|
(137 |
) |
|
|
(143 |
) |
|
|
(127 |
) |
Net
effect on net income
|
|
$ |
262 |
|
|
$ |
260 |
|
|
$ |
182 |
|
Substantially
all of the products sold during 2006 were manufactured in previous periods when
we did not include employee stock-based compensation expense in our production
costs.
The
following pro forma net income and EPS were determined as if we had accounted
for employee stock-based compensation expense for our employee stock plans under
the fair value method prescribed by FAS 123 prior to 2006 and had capitalized
certain costs into inventory manufactured in those prior periods, with the
resulting effect on COS for 2006 when previously manufactured products were
sold. (In millions, except per
share data):
|
|
|
|
Net
income as reported
|
|
$ |
2,113 |
|
Deduct: Total
employee stock-based compensation expense includable in cost of sales, net
of related tax effects
|
|
|
(34 |
) |
Pro
forma net income
|
|
$ |
2,079 |
|
Earnings
per share:
|
|
|
|
|
Basic—as
reported
|
|
$ |
2.01 |
|
Basic—pro
forma
|
|
$ |
1.97 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Diluted—as
reported
|
|
$ |
1.97 |
|
Diluted—pro
forma
|
|
$ |
1.94 |
|
As
of December 31, 2008, total compensation cost related to unvested stock options
not yet recognized was $499 million, which is expected to be allocated to
expense and production costs over a weighted-average period of 26
months.
Valuation
Assumptions
The
employee stock-based compensation expense recognized under FAS 123R and
presented in the pro forma disclosure required under FAS 123 was determined
using the Black-Scholes option valuation model. Option valuation models require
the input of subjective assumptions and these assumptions can vary over time.
The weighted-average assumptions used are as follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Risk-free
interest rate
|
|
|
2.8 |
% |
|
|
4.3 |
% |
|
|
4.6 |
% |
Dividend
yield
|
|
|
0.0 |
% |
|
|
0.0 |
% |
|
|
0.0 |
% |
Expected
volatility
|
|
|
24.1 |
% |
|
|
25.1 |
% |
|
|
27.2 |
% |
Expected
term (years)
|
|
|
5.0 |
|
|
|
5.0 |
|
|
|
4.6 |
|
Due
to the redemption of our Special Common Stock in June 1999 by RHI, there is
limited historical information available to support our estimate of certain
assumptions required to value our employee stock options as an option grant
cycle lasts ten years. In developing our estimate of expected term, we have
assumed that our recent historical stock option exercise experience is a
relevant indicator of future exercise patterns. We base our determination of
expected volatility predominantly on the implied volatility of our traded
options with consideration of our historical volatilities and the volatilities
of comparable companies.
Stock
Option Activity
The
following is a summary of option activity (shares in
millions):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Shares
Available for Grant
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weighted-Average
Exercise Price
|
|
December
31, 2005
|
|
|
84 |
|
|
|
83 |
|
|
$ |
46.64 |
|
Grants
|
|
|
(17 |
) |
|
|
17 |
|
|
|
79.85 |
|
Exercises
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
(9 |
) |
|
|
30.42 |
|
Cancellations
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
(3 |
) |
|
|
62.09 |
|
December
31, 2006
|
|
|
70 |
|
|
|
88 |
|
|
|
54.53 |
|
Grants
|
|
|
(18 |
) |
|
|
18 |
|
|
|
79.40 |
|
Exercises
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
(10 |
) |
|
|
32.76 |
|
Cancellations
|
|
|
4 |
|
|
|
(4 |
) |
|
|
76.45 |
|
December
31, 2007
|
|
|
56 |
|
|
|
92 |
|
|
|
60.94 |
|
Grants
|
|
|
(1 |
) |
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
79.23 |
|
Exercises
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
(13 |
) |
|
|
44.83 |
|
Cancellations
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
(3 |
) |
|
|
80.52 |
|
December
31, 2008
|
|
|
58 |
|
|
|
77 |
|
|
$ |
63.06 |
|
The
intrinsic value of options exercised during 2008, 2007, and 2006 was $514
million, $501 million, and $500 million, respectively. The estimated fair value
of shares vested during 2008, 2007, and 2006, was $388 million, $407 million,
and $376 million, respectively. The weighted-average estimated fair value of
stock options granted during 2008, 2007, and 2006 was $21.19, $24.40, and $24.95
per option, respectively, based on the assumptions in the Black-Scholes
valuation model discussed above.
The
following table summarizes outstanding and exercisable options at December 31,
2008 (in millions, except
exercise price data):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number
of
Shares
Outstanding
|
|
|
Weighted-Average
Remaining
Contractual
Life
(in
years)
|
|
|
Weighted-Average
Exercise Price
|
|
|
Number
of
Shares
Exercisable
|
|
|
Weighted-Average
Remaining
Contractual
Life
(in
years)
|
|
|
Weighted-Average
Exercise
Price
|
|
|
$6.27
- $8.89
|
|
|
|
0.2 |
|
|
|
6.39 |
|
|
$ |
6.81 |
|
|
|
0.2 |
|
|
|
6.39 |
|
|
$ |
6.81 |
|
|
$10.00
- $14.35
|
|
|
|
6.2 |
|
|
|
2.85 |
|
|
$ |
13.68 |
|
|
|
6.2 |
|
|
|
2.85 |
|
|
$ |
13.68 |
|
|
$15.04
- $22.39
|
|
|
|
4.5 |
|
|
|
2.35 |
|
|
$ |
20.89 |
|
|
|
4.5 |
|
|
|
2.35 |
|
|
$ |
20.89 |
|
|
$22.88
- $33.00
|
|
|
|
0.1 |
|
|
|
2.52 |
|
|
$ |
26.08 |
|
|
|
0.1 |
|
|
|
2.52 |
|
|
$ |
26.08 |
|
|
$35.63
- $53.23
|
|
|
|
20.3 |
|
|
|
4.76 |
|
|
$ |
47.11 |
|
|
|
20.3 |
|
|
|
4.76 |
|
|
$ |
47.11 |
|
|
$53.95
- $75.90
|
|
|
|
2.0 |
|
|
|
7.85 |
|
|
$ |
68.03 |
|
|
|
0.9 |
|
|
|
6.56 |
|
|
$ |
63.31 |
|
|
$75.99
- $82.79
|
|
|
|
29.4 |
|
|
|
8.21 |
|
|
$ |
79.48 |
|
|
|
12.6 |
|
|
|
8.06 |
|
|
$ |
79.49 |
|
|
$83.02
- $98.80
|
|
|
|
14.7 |
|
|
|
6.82 |
|
|
$ |
86.38 |
|
|
|
11.2 |
|
|
|
6.77 |
|
|
$ |
86.28 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
77.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
56.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
At
December 31, 2008, the aggregate intrinsic value of the outstanding options was
$1,588 million, and the aggregate intrinsic value of the exercisable options was
$1,518 million.
Stock
Repurchase Program
Under
a stock repurchase program approved by our Board of Directors in December 2003
and most recently extended in April 2008, we are authorized to repurchase up to
150 million shares of our Common Stock for an aggregate amount of up to $10.0
billion through June 30, 2009. During 2008, we repurchased approximately
nine
million
shares at an aggregate cost of $780 million. In addition, approximately four
million shares were delivered to us on March 31, 2008 in connection with a $300
million prepaid share repurchase arrangement that we entered into with an
investment bank in November 2007. Since the program’s inception, we have
repurchased approximately 89 million shares at a total price of $6.5 billion. We
intend to use the repurchased stock to offset dilution caused by the issuance of
shares in connection with our employee stock plans and also to maintain RHI’s
minimum percentage ownership interest in our stock. See Note 10, “Relationship
with Roche Holdings, Inc. and Related Party Transactions,” for further
discussion about RHI’s minimum percentage ownership interest in our stock. See
also Note 12, “Capital Stock,” for further discussion of our stock repurchase
program.
Note
4.
|
INVESTMENT
SECURITIES AND FINANCIAL
INSTRUMENTS
|
Investment
Securities
Securities
classified as trading and available-for-sale at December 31, 2008 and 2007 are
summarized below (in
millions). Estimated fair value is based on quoted market prices for the
same or similar investments.
December 31, 2008
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
trading securities
|
|
$ |
889 |
|
|
$ |
13 |
|
|
$ |
(105 |
) |
|
$ |
797 |
|
Securities
available-for-sale:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Equity
securities
|
|
$ |
31 |
|
|
$ |
257 |
|
|
$ |
(1 |
) |
|
$ |
287 |
|
Preferred
stock
|
|
|
30 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
(7 |
) |
|
|
23 |
|
Debt
securities maturing:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
within
1 year
|
|
|
3,118 |
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
(5 |
) |
|
|
3,114 |
|
between
1-5 years
|
|
|
2,437 |
|
|
|
32 |
|
|
|
(26 |
) |
|
|
2,443 |
|
between
5-10 years
|
|
|
632 |
|
|
|
20 |
|
|
|
(35 |
) |
|
|
617 |
|
Total
securities available-for-sale
|
|
$ |
6,248 |
|
|
$ |
310 |
|
|
$ |
(74 |
) |
|
$ |
6,484 |
|
December 31, 2007
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
trading securities
|
|
$ |
984 |
|
|
$ |
30 |
|
|
$ |
(13 |
) |
|
$ |
1,001 |
|
Securities
available-for-sale:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Equity
securities
|
|
$ |
33 |
|
|
$ |
389 |
|
|
$ |
(6 |
) |
|
$ |
416 |
|
Preferred
stock
|
|
|
162 |
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
(24 |
) |
|
|
139 |
|
Debt
securities maturing:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
within
1 year
|
|
|
1,171 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
(1 |
) |
|
|
1,170 |
|
between
1-5 years
|
|
|
1,886 |
|
|
|
15 |
|
|
|
(11 |
) |
|
|
1,890 |
|
between
5-10 years
|
|
|
521 |
|
|
|
12 |
|
|
|
(3 |
) |
|
|
530 |
|
Total
securities available-for-sale
|
|
$ |
3,773 |
|
|
$ |
417 |
|
|
$ |
(45 |
) |
|
$ |
4,145 |
|
The
gain or loss on derivative instruments designated as fair value hedges, as well
as the offsetting loss or gain on the corresponding hedged marketable equity
investment, is recognized currently in earnings. As a result, the cost basis of
our equity securities in the table above includes adjustments related to gains
and losses on fair value hedges.
Unrealized
loss positions for which other-than-temporary impairments have not been
recognized at December 31, 2008 and 2007 are summarized below (in millions):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
December 31, 2008
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Equity
securities
|
|
$ |
4 |
|
|
$ |
(1 |
) |
|
$ |
– |
|
|
$ |
– |
|
|
$ |
4 |
|
|
$ |
(1 |
) |
Preferred
stock
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
(2 |
) |
|
|
14 |
|
|
|
(5 |
) |
|
|
15 |
|
|
|
(7 |
) |
Debt
securities
|
|
|
1,164 |
|
|
|
(39 |
) |
|
|
422 |
|
|
|
(27 |
) |
|
|
1,586 |
|
|
|
(66 |
) |
Total
|
|
$ |
1,169 |
|
|
$ |
(42 |
) |
|
$ |
436 |
|
|
$ |
(32 |
) |
|
$ |
1,605 |
|
|
$ |
(74 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
December 31, 2007
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Equity
securities
|
|
$ |
20 |
|
|
$ |
(6 |
) |
|
$ |
– |
|
|
$ |
– |
|
|
$ |
20 |
|
|
$ |
(6 |
) |
Preferred
stock
|
|
|
86 |
|
|
|
(18 |
) |
|
|
24 |
|
|
|
(6 |
) |
|
|
110 |
|
|
|
(24 |
) |
Debt
securities
|
|
|
1,004 |
|
|
|
(12 |
) |
|
|
182 |
|
|
|
(3 |
) |
|
|
1,186 |
|
|
|
(15 |
) |
Total
|
|
$ |
1,110 |
|
|
$ |
(36 |
) |
|
$ |
206 |
|
|
$ |
(9 |
) |
|
$ |
1,316 |
|
|
$ |
(45 |
) |
Unrealized
losses in the preferred stock and debt securities portfolios were related to
various securities, including corporate bonds, U.S. government agency bonds,
municipal bonds and asset-backed securities, and investment-grade preferred
securities. For these securities, the unrealized losses are primarily due to the
increase in overall interest rates including fixed income credit spreads.
Because we have the ability and intent to hold these investments until a
forecasted recovery of fair value, which may be maturity or call date, we do not
consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired as of December
31, 2008. See Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies—Investments in
Marketable and Nonmarketable Securities,” for further discussion of the criteria
used to determine impairment of our equity and fixed income
securities.
The
carrying amount, which approximates fair value, of all cash, cash equivalents
and investment securities held at December 31, 2008 and 2007 (see sections “Cash
and Cash Equivalents” and “Investments in Marketable and Nonmarketable
Securities” in Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies”) is
summarized below (in
millions):
Security
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash
|
|
$ |
2,264 |
|
|
$ |
1,706 |
|
Cash
equivalents
|
|
|
2,269 |
|
|
|
808 |
|
Total
cash and cash equivalents
|
|
$ |
4,533 |
|
|
$ |
2,514 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Trading
securities
|
|
$ |
797 |
|
|
$ |
1,001 |
|
Securities
available-for-sale maturing within one year
|
|
|
845 |
|
|
|
321 |
|
Preferred
stock
|
|
|
23 |
|
|
|
139 |
|
Total
short-term investments
|
|
$ |
1,665 |
|
|
$ |
1,461 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Securities
available-for-sale maturing after one year
|
|
$ |
3,060 |
|
|
$ |
1,674 |
|
Equity
securities
|
|
|
287 |
|
|
|
416 |
|
Total
long-term marketable debt and equity securities
|
|
$ |
3,347 |
|
|
$ |
2,090 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash
|
|
$ |
– |
|
|
$ |
1 |
|
Securities
available-for-sale maturing within one year
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
41 |
|
Securities
available-for-sale maturing between 1-10 years
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
746 |
|
Total
restricted cash and investments
|
|
$ |
– |
|
|
$ |
788 |
|
In
2008, proceeds from the sales and maturities of available-for-sale securities
totaled $2.0 billion. Gross realized gains totaled $118 million and gross
realized losses totaled $63 million. In 2007, proceeds from the sales and
maturities of available-for-sale securities totaled $1.1 billion, of which $300
million was reinvested in our trading securities. Gross realized gains totaled
$26 million and gross realized losses totaled $8 million. In 2006, proceeds from
the sales and maturities of available-for-sale securities totaled $613 million
and gross realized gains totaled $61 million.
Net
change in unrealized holding (losses) gains on trading securities included in
net income totaled $(109) million in 2008, $15 million in 2007, and $5 million
in 2006.
The
marketable debt securities that we hold are issued by a diversified selection of
corporate and financial institutions with strong credit ratings. Our investment
policy limits the amount of credit exposure with any one institution. Other than
asset-backed and mortgage-backed securities, these debt securities are generally
not collateralized. In 2008, we recorded a $67 million impairment charge on
certain U.S. government agency and financial institution securities. In 2007, we
recorded a $30 million impairment charge to reduce the carrying value of a fixed
income investment. In 2006, there were no charges for credit impairment on
marketable debt securities.
Our
nonmarketable investment securities were based on cost less write-downs for
impairments, which approximates fair value. Our nonmarketable investment
securities were $32 million at December 31, 2008 and $31 million at
December 31, 2007, and are classified as “Other long-term assets” on our
Consolidated Balance Sheets.
Derivative
Financial Instruments
Foreign
Currency Instruments
We
have an established foreign currency hedging program to protect against currency
risks, primarily driven by forecasted foreign-currency-denominated royalties
from licensees’ product sales over a five-year period. Other foreign currency
exposures include collaboration development expenses. We hedge portions of our
forecasted foreign currency revenue with forward contracts or options, including
collars. When the dollar strengthens significantly against the foreign
currencies, the decline in value of future foreign currency revenue or expenses
is offset by gains or losses, respectively, in the value of the option or
forward contracts designated as hedges. Conversely, when the dollar weakens, the
increase in the value of future foreign currency revenue or expenses is offset
by losses or gains, respectively, in the value of the forward contracts. In
accordance with FAS 133, hedges related to anticipated transactions are
designated and documented at the hedge’s inception as cash flow hedges and
evaluated for hedge effectiveness at least quarterly.
During
the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007, and 2006, we had no material amounts of
ineffectiveness with respect to our foreign currency hedging instruments. Gains
and losses related to option and forward contracts that hedge future cash flows
are classified in the same manner as the underlying hedged transaction in the
Consolidated Statements of Income.
At
December 31, 2008, net losses on derivative instruments expected to be
reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income to earnings during the
next 12 months due to the receipt of the related net revenue denominated in
foreign currencies were $33 million.
Interest
Rate Swaps
In
July 2005, we entered into a series of interest rate swap agreements with a
total notional value of $500 million to protect the 4.40% Senior Notes due 2010
against changes in estimated fair value due to changes in U.S. interest rates.
In these swaps, we pay a floating rate and receive a fixed rate that matches the
coupon rate of the five-year Notes due in 2010. See also Note 8, “Debt”
below.
Equity
Instruments
Our
marketable equity securities portfolio consists primarily of investments in
biotechnology companies whose risk of market fluctuations is greater than the
stock market in general. To manage a portion of this risk, we enter into
derivative instruments such as zero-cost collar instruments and equity forward
contracts to hedge equity securities against changes in market value. A
zero-cost collar is a purchased put option and a written call option on a
specific equity security such that the cost of the purchased put and the
proceeds of the written call offset each other; therefore, there is no initial
cost or cash outflow for these instruments. Our zero-cost collars expired
in 2007.
As
part of our fair value hedging strategy, we have also entered into equity
forward contracts that mature in 2009. An equity forward is a derivative
instrument in which we pay the counterparty the total return of the security
above the current spot price and receive interest income on the notional amount
for the term of the equity forward. A forward contract is a derivative
instrument in which we lock in the termination price that we receive from the
sale of stock based on a pre-determined spot price. The forward contract
protects us from a decline in the market value of the security below the spot
price and limits our potential benefit from an increase in the market value of
the security above the spot price. Throughout the life of the contract, we
receive interest income based on the notional amount and a floating-rate
index.
During
the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007, and 2006, we had no material amounts of
ineffectiveness with respect to our equity hedging instruments. Gains and losses
related to zero-cost collar instruments that hedge future cash flows are
recorded against the gains or losses from the sale of the underlying hedged
marketable equity investment in the Consolidated Statements of
Income.
As
part of our hedging transactions, we have entered, and may in the future enter,
into security lending agreements with our counterparties. For an equity forward
contract, in exchange for lending the hedged shares to the counterparty, we
receive additional interest income throughout the life of the agreement based on
the notional amount and a floating-rate index. For an equity collar, the benefit
is embedded in the call strike price. The total estimated fair value of the
securities lent under these agreements was $167 million at December 31,
2008 and $161 million at December 31, 2007.
Estimated
Fair Value
The
estimated fair value of the foreign exchange options and forwards was based on
the forward exchange rates as of December 31, 2008 and 2007. The estimated fair
value of the equity forward contracts was determined based on the closing market
prices of the underlying securities at each year-end. The estimated fair value
of our interest rate swap agreements was based on forward interest rates at
each year-end and does not include accrued interest. The table below summarizes
the estimated fair value, which is also the carrying value, of our financial
instruments at December 31, 2008 and 2007 (in millions):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Assets:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Foreign
exchange options
|
|
$ |
20 |
|
|
$ |
– |
|
Equity
forwards
|
|
|
40 |
|
|
|
24 |
|
Interest
rate swap agreements
|
|
|
23 |
|
|
|
6 |
|
Liabilities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Foreign
exchange options
|
|
|
31 |
|
|
|
14 |
|
Foreign
exchange forward contracts
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
5 |
|
The
financial instruments that we hold are entered into with a diversified selection
of institutions. Credit exposure is limited to the unrealized gains on our
contracts. We have not experienced any material losses due to credit impairment
of our financial instruments.
Note
5.
|
FAIR
VALUE MEASUREMENTS
|
On January
1, 2008, we adopted FAS 157, which established a framework for measuring fair
value under GAAP and clarified the definition of fair value within that
framework. FAS 157 also established a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the
inputs used in valuation techniques into the following three
levels:
Level
1—quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and
liabilities
Level
2—observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical
assets and liabilities
Level
3—unobservable inputs
A
substantial majority of our financial instruments are Level 1 and Level 2
assets.
The
following table sets forth the fair value of our financial assets and
liabilities measured on a recurring basis, including those that are pledged as
collateral or are restricted. Assets and liabilities are measured on a
recurring basis if they are remeasured at least annually.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(In
millions)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash
and cash equivalents
|
|
$ |
4,533 |
|
|
$ |
– |
|
|
$ |
2,514 |
|
|
$ |
– |
|
Restricted
cash
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
788 |
|
|
|
– |
|
Short-term
investments
|
|
|
1,665 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
1,461 |
|
|
|
– |
|
Long-term
marketable debt securities
|
|
|
3,060 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
1,674 |
|
|
|
– |
|
Total
fixed income investment portfolio
|
|
|
9,258 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
6,437 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Long-term
marketable equity securities
|
|
|
287 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
416 |
|
|
|
– |
|
Total
derivative financial instruments
|
|
|
83 |
|
|
|
31 |
|
|
|
30 |
|
|
|
19 |
|
Total
|
|
$ |
9,628 |
|
|
$ |
31 |
|
|
$ |
6,883 |
|
|
$ |
19 |
|
The
following table sets forth the fair value of our financial assets and
liabilities, allocated into Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 that were
measured on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2008 (in millions).
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Assets
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash
and cash equivalents
|
|
$ |
2,876 |
|
|
$ |
1,657 |
|
|
$ |
– |
|
|
$ |
4,533 |
|
Trading
securities
|
|
|
170 |
|
|
|
627 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
797 |
|
Securities
available-for-sale
|
|
|
515 |
|
|
|
3,268 |
|
|
|
145 |
|
|
|
3,928 |
|
Equity
securities
|
|
|
287 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
287 |
|
Derivative
financial instruments
|
|
|
40 |
|
|
|
43 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
83 |
|
Total
|
|
$ |
3,888 |
|
|
$ |
5,595 |
|
|
$ |
145 |
|
|
$ |
9,628 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Liabilities
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Derivative
financial instruments(1)
|
|
$ |
– |
|
|
$ |
31 |
|
|
$ |
– |
|
|
$ |
31 |
|
________________________
(1)
|
Our
Level 2 liabilities consisted of derivative financial instruments
including currency forward contracts and currency option
contracts.
|
As
of December 31, 2008, the fair value of our Level 1 assets was $3.9 billion,
consisting primarily of cash, money market instruments, U.S. Treasury securities
and marketable equity securities in biotechnology companies with which we have
collaboration agreements. Included in this amount were gross unrecognized gains
and losses of approximately $257 million and $1 million, respectively, primarily
related to marketable equity securities.
As
of December 31, 2008, the fair value of our Level 2 assets was $5.6 billion
consisting primarily of corporate bonds, commercial paper, government and agency
securities, municipal bonds and bonds denominated in foreign currencies but
hedged to U.S. dollars. During 2008, we significantly reduced or eliminated our
holdings in
investments
with a higher risk-profile such as commodities, non-investment grade debt,
preferred and asset-backed securities. Asset-backed securities and preferred
securities represented about 1% of the total value of Level 2 assets as of
December 31, 2008. Included in our Level 2 assets were gross unrecognized losses
of approximately $45 million primarily related to corporate bonds offset by
approximately $45 million of gross unrecognized gains primarily related to
government-backed securities. In addition, the fair value of our Level 2 assets
included approximately $45 million in gross unrecognized gains related to
foreign currency derivative contracts which are held to hedge forecasted
foreign-currency-denominated royalty revenue and interest rate swaps used
to hedge interest rate movements that impact the fair value of our Senior Notes.
In 2008, the U.S. Treasury announced actions that significantly reduced the
value of U.S. government agency preferred securities that we hold as
investments. As a result, we recorded an impairment charge of $46 million during
2008.
As
of December 31, 2008, our Level 3 assets consisted of student loan auction-rate
securities and the preferred securities of an insolvent company. As of
December 31, 2008, we held $145 million of investments, which were measured
using unobservable (Level 3) inputs, representing about 2% of the
total fair value investment portfolio. Student loan auction-rate securities of
$145 million were valued based on broker-provided valuation models, which
approximate fair value. In addition, our Level 3 assets included preferred
securities in a financial institution that declared bankruptcy during 2008. We
recorded an impairment charge of $21 million during 2008 to fully impair these
preferred securities, because we do not expect to recover the value of these
assets during the bankruptcy proceedings. We also transferred the preferred
securities to Level 3 assets from Level 2 assets.
The
following table sets forth a summary of the changes in the fair value of our
Level 3 financial assets, which were measured at fair value on a recurring
basis as December 31, 2008 (in millions).
|
|
|
|
|
|
Structured
Investment Vehicle Securities
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Beginning
balance December 31, 2007
|
|
$ |
7 |
|
|
$ |
– |
|
|
$ |
– |
|
Transfer
into Level 3
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
174 |
|
|
|
21 |
|
Impairment
charges
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
(21 |
) |
Unrealized
losses(1)
|
|
|
(1 |
) |
|
|
(26 |
) |
|
|
– |
|
Purchases,
issuances, settlement
|
|
|
(6 |
) |
|
|
(3 |
) |
|
|
– |
|
Ending
balance
|
|
$ |
– |
|
|
$ |
145 |
|
|
$ |
– |
|
________________________
(1)
|
The
unrealized losses of $27 million in 2008 were included in OCI as of
December 31, 2008.
|
Note
6.
|
CONSOLIDATED
FINANCIAL STATEMENT DETAIL
|
Inventories
Inventories
at December 31 are summarized below (in millions):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Raw
materials and supplies
|
|
$ |
122 |
|
|
$ |
119 |
|
Work-in-process
|
|
|
937 |
|
|
|
1,062 |
|
Finished
goods
|
|
|
240 |
|
|
|
312 |
|
Total
|
|
$ |
1,299 |
|
|
$ |
1,493 |
|
Included
in work-in-process as of December 31, 2008 were approximately $133
million of inventories manufactured under a process or at a facility that is
awaiting regulatory licensure.
The
carrying value of inventory on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December
31, 2008 and 2007 included employee stock-based compensation costs of $61
million and $72 million, respectively. The carrying value of inventory on
our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2008 also
included retention plan costs of $27 million.
Property,
Plant and Equipment
Property,
plant and equipment balances at December 31 are summarized below (in millions):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
At
cost:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Land
|
|
$ |
418 |
|
|
$ |
418 |
|
Land
improvements
|
|
|
50 |
|
|
|
48 |
|
Buildings
|
|
|
2,949 |
|
|
|
1,914 |
|
Equipment
|
|
|
2,803 |
|
|
|
2,318 |
|
Leasehold
improvements
|
|
|
410 |
|
|
|
285 |
|
Construction-in-progress
|
|
|
834 |
|
|
|
1,675 |
|
|
|
|
7,464 |
|
|
|
6,658 |
|
Less:
accumulated depreciation and amortization
|
|
|
2,060 |
|
|
|
1,672 |
|
Net
property, plant and equipment
|
|
$ |
5,404 |
|
|
$ |
4,986 |
|
Included
in construction-in-progress at December 31, 2007 was $542 million in capitalized
costs pursuant to our Master Lease Agreement with HCP (formerly Slough SSF, LLC)
for the construction of buildings in South San Francisco, California.
Construction of these buildings was completed in 2008, and as of December 31,
2008, all of the buildings had been placed in service. Also included in
construction-in-progress at December 31, 2008 and 2007 are $107 million and $141
million, respectively, in capitalized costs pursuant to our Lonza agreements.
See Note 9, “Leases, Commitments, and Contingencies,” for further discussion of
the HCP Master Lease Agreement and the Lonza agreements.
Depreciation
expense was $393 million in 2008, $334 million in 2007, and $279 million in
2006.
Other
Accrued Liabilities
Other
accrued liabilities at December 31 were as follows (in millions):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Accrued
compensation
|
|
$ |
634 |
|
|
$ |
450 |
|
Accrued
royalties
|
|
|
283 |
|
|
|
270 |
|
Accrued
clinical and other studies (including to related
parties:
2008-$94;
2007-$106)
|
|
|
303 |
|
|
|
357 |
|
Accrued
marketing and promotion costs
|
|
|
175 |
|
|
|
181 |
|
Taxes
payable
|
|
|
180 |
|
|
|
173 |
|
Accrued
collaborations (including to a related party:
2008-$57;
2007-$50)
|
|
|
313 |
|
|
|
267 |
|
Other
(including to related parties:
2008-$29;
2007-$74)
|
|
|
391 |
|
|
|
352 |
|
Total
other accrued liabilities
|
|
$ |
2,279 |
|
|
$ |
2,050 |
|
As
of December 31, 2008, accrued compensation included $162 million related to the
retention plans.
Interest
and Other Income, Net
Interest
and other income, net for the years ended December 31 were as follows (in millions):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gains
on sales of biotechnology equity securities, net
|
|
$ |
109 |
|
|
$ |
22 |
|
|
$ |
93 |
|
Write-downs
of biotechnology debt and equity securities
|
|
|
(16 |
) |
|
|
(20 |
) |
|
|
(4 |
) |
Interest
income
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Investment
income
|
|
|
157 |
|
|
|
300 |
|
|
|
230 |
|
Impairment
charges
|
|
|
(67 |
) |
|
|
(30 |
) |
|
|
– |
|
Other
miscellaneous income
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
6 |
|
Total
interest and other income, net
|
|
$ |
184 |
|
|
$ |
273 |
|
|
$ |
325 |
|
Investment
income and gains on sales of biotechnology equity securities, net were partially
offset in 2008 by impairment charges of $67 million for preferred securities and
in 2007 by a $30 million write-down of a fixed-income investment. Gains on sales
of biotechnology equity securities included $30 million related to the sale of a
biotechnology equity investment and $13 million in 2008 and $79 million in 2006
in gains that were recognized upon the acquisition of companies in which we
owned equity securities.
Note
7.
|
OTHER
INTANGIBLE ASSETS
|
The
components of our other intangible assets, including those arising from the
Redemption and push-down accounting and our acquisition of Tanox at December 31,
were as follows (in
millions):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Weighted
Average
Useful
Life
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Developed
product technology
|
12
years
|
|
$ |
1,974 |
|
|
$ |
1,248 |
|
|
$ |
726 |
|
|
$ |
1,974 |
|
|
$ |
1,106 |
|
|
$ |
868 |
|
Core
technology
|
12
years
|
|
|
478 |
|
|
|
437 |
|
|
|
41 |
|
|
|
478 |
|
|
|
414 |
|
|
|
64 |
|
Trade
names
|
12
years
|
|
|
144 |
|
|
|
105 |
|
|
|
39 |
|
|
|
144 |
|
|
|
98 |
|
|
|
46 |
|
Patents
and other intangible assets
|
12
years
|
|
|
370 |
|
|
|
168 |
|
|
|
202 |
|
|
|
331 |
|
|
|
141 |
|
|
|
190 |
|
Total
|
|
|
$ |
2,966 |
|
|
$ |
1,958 |
|
|
$ |
1,008 |
|
|
$ |
2,927 |
|
|
$ |
1,759 |
|
|
$ |
1,168 |
|
Amortization
expense of our other intangible assets was as follows (in millions):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Acquisition-related
intangible assets amortization
|
|
$ |
172 |
|
|
$ |
132 |
|
|
$ |
105 |
|
Patents
and other intangible assets amortization
|
|
|
27 |
|
|
|
26 |
|
|
|
23 |
|
Total
amortization expense
|
|
$ |
199 |
|
|
$ |
158 |
|
|
$ |
128 |
|
The
expected future annual amortization expense of our other intangible assets is as
follows (in
millions):
For the Year Ending December
31,
|
|
|
|
2009
|
|
$ |
152 |
|
2010
|
|
|
102 |
|
2011
|
|
|
101 |
|
2012
|
|
|
100 |
|
2013
|
|
|
98 |
|
Thereafter
|
|
|
455 |
|
Total
expected future annual amortization
|
|
$ |
1,008 |
|
Commercial
Paper Program
In
October 2007, we issued $600 million in unsecured commercial paper notes payable
for funding general corporate purposes. These notes are not redeemable prior to
maturity or subject to voluntary prepayment, and are issued on a discount basis.
We stopped issuing commercial paper in September 2008 in response to unfavorable
changes in the credit markets, and our commercial paper obligations were fully
paid by October 2008. In December 2008, we recommenced this funding program and
issued $500 million of commercial paper in response to favorable changes in
those markets. At December 31, 2008 and 2007, outstanding commercial paper notes
carried an effective interest yield of 0.8% and 4.46%, respectively. Interest
expense related to the commercial paper program was $13 million in 2008 and
$5 million in 2007.
Long-Term
Debt
On
July 18, 2005, we completed a private placement of the following debt
instruments: $500 million principal amount of 4.40% Senior Notes due 2010,
$1.0 billion principal amount of 4.75% Senior Notes due 2015 and $500 million
principal amount of 5.25% Senior Notes due 2035 (collectively, the Notes).
Interest on each series of the Notes is payable on January 15 and July 15 of
each year, beginning on January 15, 2006. Net proceeds resulting from issuance
of the Notes, after debt discount and issuance costs, were approximately $1.99
billion. The Notes contain certain restrictive covenants on incurring property
liens and entering into sale and lease-back transactions, all of which we were
in compliance with at December 31, 2008. Interest expense related to the debt
issuance, net of amounts capitalized of $39 million in 2008 and $41 million in
2007, was $54 million in 2008 and $60 million for 2007. As of December 31, 2008,
the future minimum principal payments under the Notes are as follows (in millions):
2010
|
|
$ |
500 |
|
2011
|
|
|
– |
|
Thereafter
|
|
|
1,500 |
|
Total
|
|
$ |
2,000 |
|
At
December 31, 2008 and 2007, the carrying value of the Notes was $2.0 billion,
and the estimated fair value was $1.86 billion and $1.94 billion, respectively.
The fair value of debt was estimated based on the then current rates offered to
us for debt instruments with the same remaining maturities. In July 2005, we
entered into a series of interest rate swap agreements, related to debt maturing
in 2010. See “Derivative Financial Instruments” in Note 4, “Investment
Securities and Financial Instruments” for further discussion of the interest
rate swaps.
Long-term
debt at December 31, 2008 and 2007 included $306 million and $399 million,
respectively, in construction in progress financing obligations related to our
agreements with HCP and Lonza. Long-term debt as of December 31, 2008, was
reduced by a $200 million financing payment related to the construction of a
manufacturing facility in Singapore. See Note 9, “Leases, Commitments, and
Contingencies,” for further discussion of the Lonza agreements and HCP Master
Lease Agreement.
Note
9.
|
LEASES,
COMMITMENTS, AND CONTINGENCIES
|
Leases
We
lease various real properties under operating leases that generally require us
to pay taxes, insurance, maintenance and minimum lease payments. Some of our
leases have options to renew.
In
December 2004, we entered into a Master Lease Agreement with Slough SSF, LLC,
which was subsequently acquired by HCP, for the lease of property adjacent to
our South San Francisco campus. The property was developed into eight buildings
and two parking structures. For accounting purposes, due to the nature of our
involvement with the construction of the buildings subject to the Master Lease
Agreement, we are considered to be the owner of the assets. Construction of
these buildings was completed in 2008, and as of December 31, 2008, all of the
buildings had been placed in service. As of December 31, 2008, we had
capitalized $298 million of construction costs, including capitalized
interest, in property, plant and equipment. In addition, we separately
capitalized $311 million of leasehold improvements that we had installed at the
property. We have recognized $274 million as a construction financing
obligation, which is primarily included in “Long-term debt” in the accompanying
Consolidated Balance Sheets. Concurrent with the commencement of the rental
period, during the third quarter of 2006, we began repayment of the construction
financing obligation. Included in these lease payments is interest expense of
$15 million in 2008 and $10 million in 2007.
Future
minimum lease payments under all leases, exclusive of the residual value
guarantees and executory costs at December 31, 2008 are as follows (in millions). These minimum
lease payments were computed based on interest rates current at that
time:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Operating
leases
|
|
$ |
27 |
|
|
$ |
27 |
|
|
$ |
25 |
|
|
$ |
21 |
|
|
$ |
21 |
|
|
$ |
69 |
|
|
$ |
190 |
|
HCP
leases
|
|
|
36 |
|
|
|
37 |
|
|
|
39 |
|
|
|
40 |
|
|
|
41 |
|
|
|
298 |
|
|
|
491 |
|
Total
|
|
$ |
63 |
|
|
$ |
64 |
|
|
$ |
64 |
|
|
$ |
61 |
|
|
$ |
62 |
|
|
$ |
367 |
|
|
$ |
681 |
|
Rental
expenses for our operating leases were $41 million in 2008, $37 million in 2007,
and $33 million in 2006.
Commitments
In
October 2007, we entered into a five-year, $1 billion revolving credit facility
with various financial institutions. The credit facility is expected to be used
for general corporate and working capital purposes, including providing support
for our commercial paper program. Of the $1 billion commitment, $50 million was
committed by an institution that is currently undergoing bankruptcy proceedings,
and therefore we do not expect to rely on this portion of the commitment. As of
December 31, 2008, we did not have any borrowings under the credit
facility.
In
December 2006, Lonza purchased all of the outstanding shares of Genentech
España, our wholly-owned subsidiary, including the FDA-licensed Porriño
facility, which is currently dedicated to the production of Avastin. We also
entered into a supply agreement with Lonza for the manufacture of certain of our
products at Lonza’s facility under construction in Singapore, which is currently
expected to receive FDA licensure in 2010. We are committed to funding the
pre-commissioning production qualification costs at that facility, and, upon FDA
licensure, we are committed to purchasing 100 percent of products successfully
manufactured at that facility for a period of three years after commissioning of
the facility. The total estimated cost of these pre- and post-commissioning
commitments is approximately $440 million, the majority of which will be paid in
2009 through 2012. We also received an exclusive option to purchase the Lonza
Singapore facility during the period from 2007 up to one year after FDA
licensure for a purchase price of $290 million. Regardless of whether the
purchase option is exercised, we will be obligated to make a milestone payment
of approximately $70 million if certain performance milestones are met in
connection with the construction of the facility. As of December 31, 2008, we
had not exercised our option to purchase.
In
addition, we entered into a loan agreement with Lonza to advance up to $290
million to Lonza for the construction of the Singapore facility, subject to
certain mutually acceptable conditions of securitization, and approximately $9
million for a related land lease option. In November 2008, the facility reached
mechanical completion, and we advanced Lonza $200 million pursuant to the loan
agreement. If we exercise our option to purchase the facility, any outstanding
advances may be offset against the purchase price. If we do not exercise our
purchase option, the advances will be offset against supply
purchases.
In
September 2004, we entered into a non-exclusive, long-term manufacturing
agreement for the production of Herceptin bulk product with Wyeth
Pharmaceuticals, a division of Wyeth (Wyeth). Under this agreement, Wyeth will
manufacture Herceptin bulk product for us for approximately $251 million through
2009 at their production facility in Andover, Massachusetts. As of December 31,
2008, our remaining purchase obligation to Wyeth was $84 million. In the third
quarter of 2006, the FDA approved the manufacture of Herceptin bulk product at
Wyeth’s facility.
Contingencies
We
are a party to various legal proceedings, including patent litigations,
licensing and contract disputes, and other matters.
On
October 4, 2004, we received a subpoena from the U.S. Department of Justice
requesting documents related to the promotion of Rituxan, a prescription
treatment now approved for five indications. We are cooperating with the
associated investigation. Through counsel we are having discussions with
government representatives about the status of their investigation and
Genentech’s views on this matter, including potential resolution. Previously,
the investigation had been both criminal and civil in nature. We were informed
in August 2008 by the criminal prosecutor who handled this matter that the
government had decided to decline to prosecute the company criminally in
connection with this investigation. The civil matter is still ongoing. The
outcome of this matter cannot be determined at this time.
We
and the COH are parties to a 1976 agreement related to work conducted by two COH
employees, Arthur Riggs and Keiichi Itakura, and patents that resulted from that
work that are referred to as the “Riggs/Itakura Patents.” Subsequently, we
entered into license agreements with various companies to manufacture, use, and
sell the products covered by the Riggs/Itakura Patents. On August 13, 1999, COH
filed a complaint against us in the Superior Court in Los Angeles County,
California, alleging that we owe royalties to COH in connection with these
license agreements,
as
well as product license agreements that involve the grant of licenses under the
Riggs/Itakura Patents. On June 10, 2002, a jury voted to award COH approximately
$300 million in compensatory damages. On June 24, 2002, a jury voted to award
COH an additional $200 million in punitive damages. Such amounts were accrued as
an expense in the second quarter of 2002. Included within current liabilities in
“Accrued litigation” in the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet at December
31, 2007 was $776 million, which represented our estimate of the costs
for the resolution of the COH matter as of that reporting date. We filed a
notice of appeal of the verdict and damages awards with the California Court of
Appeal, and in subsequent proceedings the California Court of Appeal affirmed
the verdict and damages awards in all respects. Following the decision of the
Court of Appeal, we filed a petition seeking review by the California Supreme
Court which was granted, and on April 24, 2008 the California Supreme Court
overturned the award of $200 million in punitive damages to COH but upheld the
award of $300 million in compensatory damages. We paid $476 million to COH
in the second quarter of 2008, reflecting the amount of compensatory damages
awarded plus interest thereon from the date of the original decision, June 10,
2002.
As
a result of the April 24, 2008 California Supreme Court decision, we reversed a
$300 million net litigation accrual related to the punitive damages and accrued
interest, which we recorded as “Special items: litigation-related” in our
Consolidated Statements of Income in 2008. In 2007, we recorded accrued interest
and bond costs on both compensatory and punitive damages totaling $54 million.
In conjunction with the COH judgment in 2002, we posted a surety bond and were
required to pledge cash and investments of $788 million to secure the bond, and
this balance was reflected in “Restricted cash and investments” in the
accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2007. During the
third quarter of 2008, the court completed certain administrative procedures to
dismiss the case. As a result, the restrictions were lifted from the restricted
cash and investments accounts, which consisted of available-for-sale
investments, and the funds became available for use in our operations. We
and COH are in discussions, but have not reached agreement, regarding additional
royalties and other amounts that Genentech owes COH under the 1976
agreement for third-party product sales and settlement of a third-party patent
litigation that occurred after the 2002 judgment. We recorded additional
costs of $40 million as “Special items: litigation-related” in 2008 based on our
estimate of our range of liability in connection with the resolution of these
issues.
On
April 11, 2003, MedImmune, Inc. filed a lawsuit against Genentech, COH, and
Celltech R & D Ltd. in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of
California (Los Angeles). The lawsuit related to U.S. Patent No. 6,331,415 (the
Cabilly patent) that we co-own with COH and under which MedImmune and other
companies have been licensed and have paid royalties to us under these
licenses. The lawsuit included claims for violation of anti-trust, patent, and
unfair competition laws. MedImmune sought a ruling that the Cabilly patent was
invalid and/or unenforceable, a determination that MedImmune did not owe
royalties under the Cabilly patent on sales of its Synagis® antibody
product, an injunction to prevent us from enforcing the Cabilly patent, an award
of actual and exemplary damages, and other relief. On June 11, 2008, we
announced that we settled this litigation with MedImmune. Pursuant to the
settlement agreement, the U.S. District Court dismissed all of the claims
against us in the lawsuit. The litigation has been fully resolved and dismissed,
and the settlement did not have a material effect on our operating results in
2008.
On
May 13, 2005, a request was filed by a third party for reexamination of the
Cabilly patent. The request sought reexamination on the basis of non-statutory
double patenting over U.S. Patent No. 4,816,567. On July 7, 2005, the Patent
Office ordered reexamination of the Cabilly patent. On September 13, 2005, the
Patent Office mailed an initial non-final Patent Office action rejecting all 36
claims of the Cabilly patent. We filed our response to the Patent Office action
on November 25, 2005. On December 23, 2005, a second request for reexamination
of the Cabilly patent was filed by another third party, and on January 23, 2006,
the Patent Office granted that request. On June 6, 2006, the two reexaminations
were merged into one proceeding. On August 16, 2006, the Patent Office mailed a
non-final Patent Office action in the merged proceeding rejecting all the claims
of the Cabilly patent based on issues raised in the two reexamination requests.
We filed our response to the Patent Office action on October 30, 2006. On
February 16, 2007, the Patent Office mailed a final Patent Office action
rejecting all the claims of the Cabilly patent. We responded to the final Patent
Office action on May 21, 2007 and requested continued reexamination. On May 31,
2007, the Patent Office granted the request for continued reexamination, and in
doing so withdrew the finality of the February 2007 Patent Office action and
agreed to treat our May 21, 2007 filing as a response to a first Patent Office
action. On February 25, 2008, the Patent Office mailed a final Patent Office
action rejecting all the claims of the
Cabilly
patent. We filed our response to that final Patent Office action on June 6,
2008. On July 19, 2008, the Patent Office mailed an advisory action replying to
our response and confirming the rejection of all claims of the Cabilly patent.
We filed a notice of appeal challenging the rejection on August 22, 2008. Our
opening appeal brief was filed on December 9, 2008. Subsequent to the filing of
our appeal brief, the Patent Office continued the reexamination. The
Cabilly patent, which expires in 2018, relates to methods that we and others use
to make certain antibodies or antibody fragments, as well as cells and
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) used in these methods. We have licensed the Cabilly
patent to other companies and derive significant royalties from those licenses.
The claims of the Cabilly patent remain valid and enforceable throughout the
reexamination and appeals processes. The outcome of this matter
cannot be determined at this time.
In
2006, we made development decisions involving our humanized anti-CD20 program,
and our collaborator, Biogen Idec, disagreed with certain of our development
decisions related to humanized anti-CD20 products. Under our 2003 collaboration
agreement with Biogen Idec, we believe that we are permitted to proceed with
further trials of certain humanized anti-CD20 antibodies, but Biogen Idec
disagreed with our position. The disputed issues have been submitted to
arbitration. Resolution of the arbitration could require that both parties agree
to certain development decisions before moving forward with humanized anti-CD20
antibody clinical trials (and possibly clinical trials of other collaboration
products, including Rituxan), in which case we may have to alter or cancel
planned clinical trials in order to obtain Biogen Idec’s approval. Each party is
also seeking monetary damages from the other. The arbitrators held hearings on
this matter, and we expect a final decision from the arbitrators by no later
than July 2009. The outcome of this matter cannot be determined at this
time.
On
June 28, 2003, Mr. Ubaldo Bao Martinez filed a lawsuit against the Porriño Town
Council and Genentech España S.L. in the Contentious Administrative Court
Number One of Pontevedra, Spain. The lawsuit challenges the Town
Council’s decision to grant licenses to Genentech España S.L. for the
construction and operation of a warehouse and biopharmaceutical
manufacturing facility in Porriño, Spain. On January 16, 2008, the
Administrative Court ruled in favor of Mr. Bao on one of the claims in the
lawsuit and ordered the closing and demolition of the facility, subject to
certain further legal proceedings. On February 12, 2008, we and the Town Council
filed appeals of the Administrative Court decision at the High Court in Galicia,
Spain. In addition, through legal counsel in Spain we are cooperating with
Lonza to pursue additional licenses and permits for the facility. We sold the
assets of Genentech España S.L., including the Porriño facility, to
Lonza in December 2006, and Lonza has operated the facility since that
time. Under the terms of that sale, we retained control of the defense of
this lawsuit and agreed to indemnify Lonza against certain contractually defined
liabilities up to a specified limit, which is currently estimated to be
approximately $100 million. The outcome of this matter and our indemnification
obligation to Lonza, if any, cannot be determined at this time.
On
May 30, 2008, Centocor, Inc. filed a patent lawsuit against Genentech and COH in
the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California. The lawsuit
relates to the Cabilly patent that we co-own with COH and under which Centocor
and other companies have been licensed and have paid royalties to us under
these licenses. The lawsuit seeks a declaratory judgment of patent invalidity
and unenforceability with regard to the Cabilly patent and of patent
non-infringement with regard to Centocor’s marketed product ReoPro®
(Abciximab) and its unapproved product CNTO 1275 (Ustekinumab). Centocor
originally sought to recover the royalties that it has paid to Genentech for
ReoPro® and the
monies it alleges that Celltech has paid to Genentech for Remicade®
(infliximab), a product marketed by Centocor (a wholly-owned subsidiary of
Johnson & Johnson) under an agreement between Centocor and Celltech, but
Centocor withdrew those claims in connection with its first amended complaint
filed on September 3, 2008. Genentech answered the complaint on September 19,
2008 and also filed counterclaims against Centocor alleging that four
Centocor products infringe certain Genentech patents. Genentech filed an
amendment to those counterclaims on October 10, 2008 and Centocor answered these
counterclaims on November 26, 2008. The outcome of this matter cannot be
determined at this time.
On
May 8, June 11, August 8, and September 29 of 2008, Genentech was named as a
defendant, along with InterMune, Inc. and its former chief executive officer, W.
Scott Harkonen, in four originally separate class-action complaints filed
in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California on behalf of
plaintiffs who allegedly paid part or all of the purchase price for
Actimmune® for the
treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Actimmune® is an
interferon-gamma product that was licensed by Genentech to Connectics
Corporation and was subsequently assigned to InterMune. InterMune currently
sells Actimmune® in the
U.S. The complaints are related in part to royalties that we received in
connection with the Actimmune® product.
The May 8, June 11, and August 8
complaints
have been consolidated into a single amended complaint that claims and seeks
damages for violations of federal racketeering laws, unfair competition laws,
and consumer protection laws, and for unjust enrichment. The September 29
complaint includes six claims, but only names Genentech as a defendant in one
claim for damages for unjust enrichment. Genentech’s motion to dismiss both
complaints was heard on February 2, 2009. The outcome of these matters cannot be
determined at this time.
Subsequent
to the Roche Proposal, more than thirty shareholder lawsuits have been
filed against Genentech and/or the members of its Board of Directors, and
various Roche entities, including RHI, Roche Holding AG, and Roche Holding Ltd.
The lawsuits are currently pending in various state courts, including the
Delaware Court of Chancery and San Mateo County Superior Court, as well as in
the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. The
lawsuits generally assert class-action claims for breach of fiduciary duty and
aiding and abetting breaches of fiduciary duty based in part on allegations
that, in connection with Roche’s offer to purchase the remaining shares, some or
all of the defendants failed to properly value Genentech, failed to solicit
other potential acquirers, and are engaged in improper self-dealing. Several of
the suits also seek the invalidation, in whole or in part, of
the Affiliation Agreement, and an order deeming Articles 8 and 9 of the
company’s Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation invalid or
inapplicable to a potential transaction with Roche. The outcome of these
matters cannot be determined at this time.
On
October 27, 2008, Genentech and Biogen Idec Inc. filed a complaint against
Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH (Sanofi), Sanofi-Aventis U.S. LLC, and
Sanofi-Aventis U.S. Inc. in the Northern District of California, seeking a
declaratory judgment that certain Genentech products, including Rituxan (which
is co-marketed with Biogen Idec) do not infringe Sanofi’s U.S. Patents 5,849,522
(‘522 patent) and 6,218,140 (‘140 patent) and a declaratory judgment that the
‘522 and ‘140 patents are invalid. Also on October 27, 2008, Sanofi filed suit
against Genentech and Biogen Idec in the Eastern District of Texas, Lufkin
Division, claiming that Rituxan and at least eight other Genentech products
infringe the ‘522 and ‘140 patents. Sanofi is seeking preliminary and permanent
injunctions, compensatory and exemplary damages, and other relief. Genentech and
Biogen Idec filed a motion to transfer this matter to the Northern District of
California on January 22, 2009. In addition, on October 24, 2008, Hoechst GmbH
filed with the ICC International Court of Arbitration (Paris) a request for
arbitration with Genentech, relating to a terminated agreement between Hoechst’s
predecessor and Genentech that pertained to the above-referenced patents and
related patents outside the U.S. Hoechst is seeking payment of royalties on
sales of Genentech products, damages for breach of contract, and other relief.
Genentech intends to defend itself vigorously. The outcome of these matters
cannot be determined at this time.
Note
10.
|
RELATIONSHIP
WITH ROCHE HOLDINGS, INC. AND RELATED PARTY
TRANSACTIONS
|
Licensing
Agreements Related to Genentech Products
We
have a July 1999 amended and restated licensing and marketing agreement with
Roche and its affiliates granting them an option to license, use, and sell our
products in non-U.S. markets. The major provisions of that agreement include the
following:
Ÿ
|
Roche
may exercise its option to license our products upon the occurrence of any
of the following: (1) the filing of the first IND for a product; (2) the
date by which Genentech has clinical trial data and other information
sufficient to enable the first Phase III trial in the U.S. (Phase II
Completion) for a product; or (3) provided Roche has paid a fee of $10
million (Option Extension Fee) within a certain time following its
decision not to exercise the option in (2) above, the date by which the
first Phase III Trial for a product is completed and the results are
known, available, analyzed and, in Genentech’s reasonable judgment, enable
a U.S. BLA/NDA filing;
|
Ÿ
|
Roche’s
options expire on October 25, 2015 except that Roche maintains: (1) a
Phase II Completion option for those products for which Genentech has
filed an IND prior to October 25, 2015, but which have not reached Phase
II Completion; and (2) an option at Phase III completion for those
products for which Roche had paid the Option Extension Fee at the Phase II
Completion prior to October 25,
2015;
|
Ÿ
|
If
Roche exercises its option to license a product, it has agreed to
reimburse Genentech for development costs as follows: (1) if
exercise occurs upon the filing of an IND, Roche will pay 50% of
development costs incurred prior to the filing and 50% of development
costs subsequently incurred; (2) if exercise occurs at the completion
of the first Phase II trial, Roche will pay 50% of development costs
incurred through completion of the trial, 75% of development costs
subsequently incurred for the initial indication, and 50% of subsequent
development costs for new indications, formulations or dosing schedules;
(3) if the exercise occurs at the completion of a Phase III trial,
Roche will pay 50% of development costs incurred through completion of
Phase II, 75% of development costs incurred through completion of Phase
III, and 75% of development costs subsequently incurred; and half of the
Option Extension Fee paid by Roche to preserve its right to exercise its
option at the completion of a Phase III trial will be credited against the
total development costs payable to Genentech upon the exercise of the
option; and (4) each of Genentech and Roche have the right to “opt-out” of
sharing development costs for an additional indication for a product for
which Roche exercised its option, but could “opt-back-in” within 30 days
of the other party’s decision to file for approval of the indication by
paying twice what they would have owed for development of the indication
if they had not opted out;
|
Ÿ
|
We
agreed, in general, to manufacture for and supply to Roche its clinical
requirements of our products at cost, and its commercial requirements at
cost plus a margin of 20%; however, Roche will have the right to
manufacture our products under certain
circumstances;
|
Ÿ
|
Roche
has agreed to pay, for each product for which Roche exercises its
licensing option upon the filing of an IND or completion of the first
Phase II trial, a royalty of 12.5% on the first $100 million on its
aggregate sales of that product and thereafter a royalty of 15% on its
aggregate sales of that product in excess of $100 million until the later
in each country of the expiration of our last relevant patent or 25 years
from the first commercial introduction of that
product;
|
Ÿ
|
Roche
will pay, for each product for which Roche exercises its licensing option
after completion of a Phase III trial, a royalty of 15% on its sales of
that product until the later in each country of the expiration of our last
relevant patent or 25 years from the first commercial introduction of that
product; however, the second half of the Option Extension Fee paid by
Roche related to a product will be credited against royalties payable to
us in the first calendar year of sales by Roche in which aggregate sales
of that product exceed $100 million;
and
|
Ÿ
|
For
certain products for which Genentech is paying a royalty to
Biogen Idec, including Rituxan, Roche shall pay Genentech a royalty
of 20% on sales of such product in Roche’s licensed territory. Once
Genentech is no longer obligated to pay a royalty to Biogen Idec on
sales of such products in each country, Roche shall then pay Genentech a
royalty on sales of 10% on the first $75 million on its aggregate sales of
that product and thereafter a royalty of 8% on its aggregate sales of that
product in excess of $75 million until the later in each country of the
expiration of our last relevant patent or 25 years from the first
commercial introduction of that product. During the fourth quarter of
2008, our obligation to pay a royalty to Biogen Idec on sales of Rituxan
ended in certain countries. The shift from the 20% royalty on Rituxan to
the lower 8% to 10% royalty rate will occur in certain countries during
2009 and beyond.
|
We
have further amended this licensing and marketing agreement with Roche to delete
or add certain Genentech products under Roche’s commercialization and marketing
rights for Canada.
We
also have a July 1998 licensing and marketing agreement related to anti-HER2
antibodies (including Herceptin and pertuzumab) with Roche, providing them with
exclusive marketing rights outside of the U.S. Under the agreement, Roche funds
one-half of the global development costs incurred in connection with developing
anti-HER2 antibody products under the agreement. Either Genentech or Roche has
the right to “opt-out” of developing an additional indication for a product and
would not share the costs or benefits of the additional indication, but could
“opt-back-in” within 30 days of the other party’s decision to file for approval
of the indication by paying twice what would have been owed for development of
the indication if no opt-out had occurred. Roche has also agreed to make royalty
payments of 20% on aggregate net sales of a product outside the U.S. up to $500
million in each calendar
year
and 22.5% on such sales in excess of $500 million in each calendar year. In
December 2007, Roche opted-in to our trastuzumab drug conjugate products under
terms similar to those of the existing anti-HER2 agreement (see also “Related
Party Transactions” below).
Licensing
Agreements Related to Roche Products
We
have entered into certain licensing agreements with Roche and its affiliates
that grant us licenses to develop and commercialize products discovered by Roche
and its affiliates.
In
May 2008, Roche acquired Piramed, a privately held entity based in the United
Kingdom. Prior to the
Roche acquisition of Piramed, we had entered into a licensing agreement with
Piramed related to molecules targeting the PI3 kinase pathway. As a result of
Roche’s acquisition of Piramed, we now are party to this agreement with Roche
and Piramed. Under the terms of the agreement Genentech could make future
milestone and royalty payments to Roche. Roche retains the option to acquire
rights to develop and commercialize certain products outside of the United
States at the end of Phase II in exchange for an opt-in fee, royalties and a
potential share of future development costs.
In
June 2008, we entered into a licensing agreement with Roche under which we
obtained rights to a preclinical small-molecule drug development program. The
future R&D costs incurred under the agreement and any profit and loss from
global commercialization are to be shared equally with Roche.
In
September 2008, we entered into a collaboration agreement with Roche and GlycArt
for the joint development and commercialization of GA101, a humanized anti-CD20
monoclonal antibody for the potential treatment of hematological malignancies
and other oncology-related B-cell disorders such as NHL. The future global
R&D costs incurred under the agreement are to be shared equally with
Roche. We received commercialization rights in the U.S. and have the right to
manufacture our own commercial requirements for the U.S. In October 2008, Biogen
Idec exercised the right under our collaboration agreement with them to opt in
to this agreement.
Research
Collaboration Agreement
We
have an April 2004 research collaboration agreement with Roche that outlines the
process by which Roche and Genentech may agree to conduct and share in the costs
of joint research on certain molecules. The agreement further outlines how
development and commercialization efforts will be coordinated with respect to
select molecules, including the financial provisions for a number of different
development and commercialization scenarios undertaken by either or both
parties.
Manufacturing
Agreements
We
signed two product supply agreements with Roche in July 2006, each of which was
amended in November 2007. The Umbrella Manufacturing Supply Agreement (Umbrella
Agreement) supersedes our existing product supply agreements with Roche. The
Short-Term Supply Agreement (Short-Term Agreement) supplements the terms of the
Umbrella Agreement. Under the Short-Term Agreement, Roche has agreed to purchase
specified amounts of Herceptin, Avastin and Rituxan through 2008. Under the
Umbrella Agreement, Roche has agreed to purchase specified amounts of Herceptin
and Avastin through 2012 and, on a perpetual basis, either party may order other
collaboration products from the other party, including Herceptin and Avastin
after 2012, pursuant to certain forecast terms. The Umbrella Agreement also
provides that either party may terminate its obligation to purchase and/or
supply Avastin and/or Herceptin with six years notice on or after December 31,
2007. To date, we have not provided to or received from Roche such notice
of termination.
In
July 2008, we signed an agreement with Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., a
Japan-based entity and part of Roche, under which we agreed to manufacture
Actemra, a product of Chugai, at our Vacaville, California facility. After an
initial term of five years, the agreement may be terminated subject to certain
terms and conditions under the contract.
Tax
Sharing Agreement
We
have a tax sharing agreement with RHI. If we and RHI elect to file a combined
state and local tax return in certain states where we may be eligible, our tax
liability or refund with RHI for such jurisdictions will be calculated on a
stand-alone basis.
RHI’s Ability to Maintain Percentage
Ownership Interest in Our Stock
We
issue shares of Common Stock in connection with our stock option and stock
purchase plans, and we may issue additional shares for other purposes. Our
Affiliation Agreement with RHI provides, among other things, that with respect
to any issuance of our Common Stock in the future, we will repurchase a
sufficient number of shares so that immediately after such issuance, the
percentage of our Common Stock owned by RHI will be no lower than 2% below the
“Minimum Percentage” (subject to certain conditions). The Minimum Percentage
equals the lowest number of shares of Genentech Common Stock owned by RHI since
the July 1999 offering (to be adjusted in the future for dispositions of shares
of Genentech Common Stock by RHI as well as for stock splits or stock
combinations) divided by 1,018,388,704 (to be adjusted in the future for stock
splits or stock combinations), which is the number of shares of Genentech Common
Stock outstanding at the time of the July 1999 offering, as adjusted for stock
splits. We have repurchased shares of our Common Stock since 2001 (see
discussion above in “Liquidity and Capital Resources”). The Affiliation
Agreement also provides that, upon RHI’s request, we will repurchase shares of
our Common Stock to increase RHI’s ownership to the Minimum Percentage. In
addition, RHI will have a continuing option to buy stock from us at prevailing
market prices to maintain its percentage ownership interest. Under the terms of
the Affiliation Agreement, RHI’s Minimum Percentage is 57.7% and RHI’s ownership
percentage is to be no lower than 55.7%. At December 31, 2008, RHI’s ownership
percentage was 55.8%.
The
Roche Proposal and the Roche Tender Offer
We
announced on July 21, 2008 that we received the Roche Proposal and on July
24, 2008 we announced that the Special Committee was formed to review and
consider the terms and conditions of the Roche Proposal, any business
combination with Roche or any offer by Roche to acquire our securities,
negotiate as appropriate, and, in the Special Committee’s discretion,
recommend or not recommend the acceptance of the Roche Proposal by the
minority shareholders. On August 13, 2008, we announced that the Special
Committee had unanimously concluded that the Roche Proposal substantially
undervalues the company, but that the Special Committee would consider a
proposal that recognizes the value of the company and reflects the significant
benefits that would accrue to Roche as a result of full ownership. On January
30, 2009, Roche announced that it intended to commence a tender offer which
would replace the Roche Proposal that was announced on July 21, 2008. On January
30, 2009, in response to the announcement by Roche, the Special Committee urged
shareholders to take no action with respect to the announcement by Roche and
that the Special Committee will announce a formal position within 10 business
days following the commencement of such a tender offer by Roche. On February 9,
2009, Roche commenced the Roche Tender Offer. The Roche Tender Offer is
conditional upon, among other things, (i) a non-waivable condition that holders
of at least a majority of the outstanding publicly-held Genentech shares tender
their shares in the Roche Tender Offer and (ii) a condition, which may be waived
by Roche in its sole discretion, that Roche has obtained sufficient financing to
purchase all outstanding publicly-held Genentech shares and all Genentech shares
issuable upon exercise of outstanding options and to pay related fees and
expenses. Also on February 9, 2009, the Special Committee urged shareholders to
take no action with respect to the Roche Tender Offer. The Special Committee
also announced that it intended to take a formal position within 10 business
days of the commencement of the Roche Tender Offer, and will explain in detail
its reasons for that position by filing a Statement on Schedule 14D-9 with the
SEC.
On
August 18, 2008, we also announced that the Special Committee adopted two
retention plans that were implemented in lieu of our 2008 annual stock option
grant and two severance plans that were adopted in addition to our existing
severance plans. See Note 3, “Retention Plans and Employee Stock-Based
Compensation,” for more information on the retention plans. In addition, the
Special Committee and the company have incurred and will continue to incur
third-party legal and advisory costs in connection with the Roche Proposal and
the Roche Tender Offer that are included in the “Marketing, general and
administrative” expenses line of our Consolidated Statements of
Income.
The
retention plan and third-party legal and advisory costs were as follows
(in
millions):
|
|
|
|
Retention
plan costs(1)
|
|
|
|
Research
and development
|
|
$ |
66 |
|
Marketing,
general and administrative
|
|
|
69 |
|
Total
retention plan costs
|
|
|
135 |
|
Third-party
legal and advisory costs incurred by us on behalf of the Special
Committee
|
|
|
14 |
|
Other
third-party legal and advisory costs
|
|
|
4 |
|
Total
retention plan costs and legal and advisory costs
|
|
$ |
153 |
|
_______________________
(1)
|
In
2008, an additional $27 million of retention plan costs were capitalized
into inventory, which will be recognized as COS as products that were
manufactured after the initiation of the retention plans are estimated to
be sold.
|
Related
Party Transactions
We
enter into transactions with our related parties, Roche and Novartis. The
accounting policies that we apply to our transactions with our related parties
are consistent with those applied in transactions with independent third
parties.
In
our royalty and supply arrangements with related parties, we are the principal,
as defined under EITF 99-19, because we bear the manufacturing risk, general
inventory risk, and the risk to defend our intellectual property. For
circumstances in which we are the principal in the transaction, we record the
transaction on a gross basis in accordance with EITF 99-19. Otherwise our
transactions are recorded on a net basis.
Roche
Under
the July 1999 amended and restated licensing and commercialization agreement,
Roche has the right to opt in to development programs that we undertake on our
products at certain pre-defined stages of development. Previously, Roche also
had the right to develop certain products under the July 1998 licensing and
commercialization agreement related to anti-HER2 antibodies (including
Herceptin, pertuzumab, and trastuzumab-DM1). When Roche opts in to a program, we
generally record the opt-in payments that we receive as deferred revenue,
which we recognize over the expected development periods or product life, as
appropriate. During 2008, we received approximately $110 million from Roche
related to opt-ins to various programs, most of which was recorded as deferred
revenue. As of December 31, 2008, the amounts in short-term and long-term
deferred revenue related to opt-in payments received from Roche were $57 million
and $214 million, respectively. In 2008, 2007, and 2006, we recognized $76
million, $40 million, and $27 million, respectively, as contract revenue related
to opt-in payments previously received from Roche.
In
February 2008, Roche acquired Ventana, and as a result of the acquisition,
Ventana is considered a related party. We have engaged in transactions with
Ventana prior to and since the acquisition.
In
May 2008, Roche acquired Piramed. Prior to the Roche acquisition of Piramed, we
had entered into a licensing agreement with Piramed related to molecules
targeting the PI3 kinase pathway.
In
June 2008, we entered into a licensing agreement with Roche under which we
obtained rights to a preclinical small-molecule drug development program. We
recorded $35 million in R&D expense in the second quarter of 2008 related to
this agreement. The future R&D costs incurred under the agreement and any
profit and loss from global commercialization will be shared equally with
Roche.
In
July 2008, we signed an agreement with Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., a
Japan-based entity and part of Roche, under which we agreed to manufacture
Actemra, a product of Chugai, at our Vacaville, California facility. After an
initial term of five years, the agreement may be terminated subject to certain
terms and conditions under the contract.
In
August 2008, we entered into a Companion Diagnostics Master Agreement with RMS
under which we have the ability to work with RMS to develop companion
diagnostics based on RMS’ polymerase chain reaction platform
technology.
In
September 2008, we entered into a collaboration agreement with Roche and GlycArt
for the joint development and commercialization of GA101, a humanized anti-CD20
monoclonal antibody for the potential treatment of hematological malignancies
and other oncology-related B-cell disorders such as NHL. We recorded $105
million in R&D expense in 2008 related to this collaboration. The future
global R&D costs incurred under the agreement will be shared equally with
Roche. We received commercialization rights in the U.S. and have the right to
manufacture our own commercial requirements for the U.S. In October 2008, Biogen
Idec exercised the right under our collaboration agreement with them to opt in
to this agreement and paid us an up-front fee of $32 million as part of the
opt-in, which we will recognize ratably as contract revenue over the future
development period.
We
currently have no commercialized products subject to profit sharing arrangements
with Roche.
Under
our existing arrangements with Roche, including our licensing and marketing
agreements, we recognized the following amounts (in millions):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Product
sales to Roche
|
|
$ |
868 |
|
|
$ |
768 |
|
|
$ |
359 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Royalties
earned from Roche
|
|
$ |
1,544 |
|
|
$ |
1,206 |
|
|
$ |
846 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Contract
revenue from Roche
|
|
$ |
138 |
|
|
$ |
95 |
|
|
$ |
125 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cost
of sales on product sales to Roche
|
|
$ |
472 |
|
|
$ |
422 |
|
|
$ |
268 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R&D
expenses incurred on joint development projects with Roche
|
|
$ |
336 |
|
|
$ |
259 |
|
|
$ |
213 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
In-licensing
expenses to Roche
|
|
$ |
145 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
Certain
R&D
expenses are partially reimbursable to us by Roche. Amounts that Roche owes us,
net of amounts reimbursable to Roche by us on those projects, are recorded as
contract revenue. Conversely, R&D expenses may include the net settlement of
amounts we owe Roche for R&D expenses that Roche incurred on joint
development projects, less amounts reimbursable to us by Roche on these
projects.
Novartis
Based
on information available to us at the time of filing this Form 10-K, we believe
that Novartis holds approximately 33.3% of the outstanding voting shares of
Roche. As a result of this ownership, Novartis is deemed to have an indirect
beneficial ownership interest under FAS 57, of more than 10% of our voting
stock.
We
have an agreement with Novartis Pharma AG (a wholly-owned subsidiary of Novartis
AG) under which Novartis Pharma AG has the exclusive right to develop and market
Lucentis outside the U.S. for indications related to diseases or disorders of
the eye. As part of this agreement, the parties share the cost of certain of our
ongoing development expenses for Lucentis.
We
and Novartis are co-promoting Xolair in the U.S and co-developing Xolair in both
the U.S. and Europe. We record sales, COS, and marketing and sales expenses in
the U.S.; Novartis markets the product in and records sales, COS, and marketing
and sales expenses in Europe and also records marketing and sales expenses in
the U.S. We and Novartis share the resulting U.S. and European operating profits
according to prescribed profit sharing percentages. Generally, we evaluate
whether we are a net recipient or payer of funds on an annual basis in our cost
and profit sharing arrangements. Net amounts received on an annual basis under
such arrangements are classified as contract revenue, and net amounts paid on an
annual basis are classified as collaboration profit sharing expense. With
respect
to
the U.S. operating results, for the full years of 2008, 2007, and 2006 we were a
net payer to Novartis. As a result, for 2008, 2007, and 2006, the portion of the
U.S. operating results that we owed to Novartis was recorded as collaboration
profit sharing expense. With respect to the European operating results, for the
full year of 2008, we were a net recipient from Novartis and for the full years
of 2007 and 2006 we were a net payer to Novartis. As a result, for 2008, the
portion of the European operating results that Novartis owed us was recorded as
contract revenue. For the same periods in 2007 and 2006, however, our portion of
the European operating results was recorded as collaboration profit sharing
expense. Effective with our acquisition of Tanox on August 2, 2007, Novartis
also makes: (1) additional profit sharing payments to us on U.S. sales of
Xolair, which reduces our profit sharing expense; (2) royalty payments to
us on sales of Xolair worldwide, which we record as royalty revenue; and (3)
manufacturing service payments related to Xolair, which we record as contract
revenue.
Under
our existing arrangements with Novartis, we recognized the following amounts
(in
millions):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Product
sales to Novartis
|
|
$ |
12 |
|
|
$ |
10 |
|
|
$ |
5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Royalties
earned from Novartis
|
|
$ |
241 |
|
|
$ |
95 |
|
|
$ |
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Contract
revenue from Novartis
|
|
$ |
60 |
|
|
$ |
70 |
|
|
$ |
40 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cost
of sales on product sales to Novartis
|
|
$ |
9 |
|
|
$ |
10 |
|
|
$ |
4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R&D
expenses incurred on joint development projects with
Novartis
|
|
$ |
43 |
|
|
$ |
43 |
|
|
$ |
38 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Collaboration
profit sharing expense to Novartis
|
|
$ |
189 |
|
|
$ |
185 |
|
|
$ |
187 |
|
Contract
revenue in 2007 included a $30 million milestone payment from Novartis for
European Union approval of Lucentis for the treatment of neovascular (wet)
AMD.
Certain
R&D
expenses are partially reimbursable to us by Novartis. The amounts that Novartis
owes us, net of amounts reimbursable to Novartis by us on those projects, are
recorded as contract revenue. Conversely, R&D expenses may include the net
settlement of amounts we owe Novartis for R&D expenses that Novartis
incurred on joint development projects, less amounts reimbursable to us by Novartis on
these projects.
See
Note 11, “Acquisition of Tanox, Inc.,” for information on Novartis’ share of the
proceeds resulting from our acquisition of Tanox.
Note
11.
|
ACQUISITION
OF TANOX, INC.
|
On
August 2, 2007, we completed our acquisition of 100% of the outstanding shares
of Tanox, a biotechnology company specializing in the discovery and development
of biotherapeutics based on monoclonal antibody technology, for $925 million in
cash, plus $8 million in transaction costs. The purchase price allocation is as
follows:
(In
millions)
|
|
|
|
Assets
|
|
|
|
Cash
|
|
$ |
100 |
|
Investments
|
|
|
102 |
|
Working
capital and other, net
|
|
|
54 |
|
In-process
research and development
|
|
|
77 |
|
Developed
product technology
|
|
|
780 |
|
Core
technology
|
|
|
34 |
|
Goodwill
|
|
|
261 |
|
Deferred
revenue
|
|
|
(185 |
) |
Deferred
tax liability, net
|
|
|
(217 |
) |
Total
acquisition consideration and gain
|
|
$ |
1,006 |
|
Consideration
and gain
|
|
|
|
Consideration
|
|
$ |
925 |
|
Transaction
costs
|
|
|
8 |
|
Gain
on settlement of preexisting relationship, net of tax
|
|
|
73 |
|
|
|
$ |
1,006 |
|
In
the third quarter of 2008, we adjusted the purchase price allocation by
recording a net increase to goodwill of $13 million, due to revised estimates of
certain restructuring liabilities and related deferred tax assets.
In
accordance with FAS No. 141, “Business Combinations” (FAS
141), assets and liabilities acquired were valued at their fair values at the
date of acquisition. We recorded deferred revenue associated with Tanox’s
intellectual property license with Novartis related to Xolair of $185 million,
which will be recognized as additional royalty revenue over the duration of the
estimated remaining patent lives of approximately 12 years.
In
connection with our acquisition of Tanox, we terminated certain officers and
employees of Tanox. The total amount of the severance packages offered to these
officers and employees was approximately $4 million.
We
recorded a $77 million charge for in-process research and development. This
charge primarily represents acquired R&D for label extensions for Xolair
that have not yet been approved by the FDA and require significant further
development.
Under
FAS 141, acquired
identifiable intangible assets are measured and recognized apart from goodwill,
even if it would not be practical to sell or exchange the acquired intangible
assets and any related license agreements apart from one another. In our
accounting for our acquisition of Tanox’s developed product technology and core
technology in accordance with FAS 142, the fair value assigned to those
intangible assets was based on valuations using a present value technique
referred to as the income approach, with estimates and assumptions determined by
management, including valuing Tanox’s intellectual property and rights thereon
at assumed current fair values, which, for developed product technology, were in
excess of existing contractual rates. The developed product technology that we
valued is related to intellectual property and rights thereon primarily related
to the Xolair molecule. The core technology asset that we valued represents the
value of Tanox’s intellectual property and rights thereon expected to be
leveraged in the design and development of future products and indications. The
developed product technology and core technology, which totaled $814 million,
are being amortized over 12 years. The excess of purchase price over tangible
assets, identifiable intangible assets, and assumed liabilities represents
goodwill.
The
intangible assets and goodwill acquired are not deductible for income tax
purposes. As a result, we recorded a net deferred tax liability of $262 million,
based on the tax effect of the amount of the acquired intangible assets other
than goodwill with no tax basis. We also recorded a net deferred tax asset of
$45 million, primarily related to net operating loss carryforwards acquired in
the transaction.
Under
EITF 04-1, a business combination between parties with a preexisting
relationship should be evaluated to determine if a settlement of a preexisting
relationship exists. The acquisition of Tanox is considered to include the
settlement of our 1996 license of certain intellectual property and rights
thereon from Tanox. We measured the amount that the preexisting license
arrangement is favorable, from our perspective, by comparing it to
estimated pricing for current market transactions for intellectual property
rights similar to Tanox’s intellectual property rights related to Xolair. In
connection with the settlement of this license arrangement, we recorded a gain
of $121 million, or $73 million net of tax, in accordance with
EITF 04-1.
We
understand that on August 2, 2007, Novartis owned approximately 14% of the
outstanding shares of Tanox, representing approximately $127 million of the
total cash paid to acquire the outstanding shares of Tanox.
Assuming
that the Tanox acquisition was consummated as of January 1, 2006, pro forma
consolidated financial results of the company for the year ended December 31,
2007 and 2006 would not have been materially different from the amounts
reported.
Common
Stock and Special Common Stock
On
June 30, 1999, we redeemed all of our outstanding Special Common Stock held by
stockholders other than RHI. Subsequently, in July and October 1999, and March
2000, RHI consummated public offerings of our Common Stock. On January 19, 2000,
RHI completed an offering of zero-coupon notes that were exchanged prior to the
April 5, 2004 expiration for an aggregate of approximately 26 million shares of
our Common Stock held by RHI. See Note 1, “Description of Business—Redemption of
Our Special Common Stock” and Note 10, “Relationship with Roche Holdings,
Inc. and Related Party Transactions,” above for a discussion of the
Redemption and the related transactions.
Stock
Repurchase Program
Under
a stock repurchase program approved by our Board of Directors in December 2003
and most recently extended in April 2008, we are authorized to repurchase up to
150 million shares of our Common Stock for an aggregate price of up to $10.0
billion through June 30, 2009. In this program, as in previous stock repurchase
programs, purchases may be made in the open market or in privately negotiated
transactions from time to time at management’s discretion. We also may engage in
transactions in other Genentech securities in conjunction with the repurchase
program, including certain derivative securities, although as of December 31,
2008, we had not engaged in any such transactions. We intend to use the
repurchased stock to offset dilution caused by the issuance of shares in
connection with our employee stock plans. However, significant option exercises
and stock purchases by employees could result in further dilution, and
limitations in our ability to enter into new share repurchase arrangements could
negatively affect our ability to offset dilution. Although there are currently
no specific plans for the shares that may be purchased under the program, our
goals for the program are (i) to address provisions of our Affiliation Agreement
with RHI related to maintaining RHI’s minimum ownership percentage (see Note 10,
“Relationship with Roche Holdings, Inc. and Related Party Transactions” above),
(ii) to make prudent investments of our cash resources, and (iii) to allow
for an effective mechanism to provide stock for our employee stock
plans.
We
enter into Rule 10b5-1 trading plans to repurchase shares in the open market
during periods when trading in our stock is restricted under our insider trading
policy.
In
November 2007, we entered into a prepaid share repurchase arrangement with an
investment bank pursuant to which we delivered $300 million to the investment
bank. The prepaid amount has been reflected as a reduction of our stockholders’
equity as of December 31, 2007. Under this arrangement, the investment bank
delivered approximately four million shares to us on March 31,
2008.
In
May 2008, we entered into a prepaid share repurchase arrangement with an
investment bank pursuant to which we delivered $500 million to the investment
bank. The investment bank delivered approximately 5.5 million shares to us on
September 30, 2008.
The
income tax provision consisted of the following amounts (in millions):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Current:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Federal
|
|
$ |
1,744 |
|
|
$ |
1,729 |
|
|
$ |
1,306 |
|
State
|
|
|
170 |
|
|
|
162 |
|
|
|
96 |
|
Total
current
|
|
|
1,914 |
|
|
|
1,891 |
|
|
|
1,402 |
|
Deferred:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Federal
|
|
|
84 |
|
|
|
(251 |
) |
|
|
(155 |
) |
State
|
|
|
6 |
|
|
|
17 |
|
|
|
43 |
|
Total
deferred
|
|
|
90 |
|
|
|
(234 |
) |
|
|
(112 |
) |
Total
income tax provision
|
|
$ |
2,004 |
|
|
$ |
1,657 |
|
|
$ |
1,290 |
|
Tax
benefits of $140 million in 2008, $177 million in 2007, and $179 million in 2006
are related to employee stock options and stock purchase plans. These amounts
reduced current income taxes payable and deferred income taxes and were credited
to stockholders’ equity.
A
reconciliation between our effective tax rate and the U.S. statutory tax rate
follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Tax
at U.S. statutory rate
|
|
|
35.0
|
% |
|
|
35.0
|
% |
|
|
35.0
|
% |
Research
and other credits
|
|
|
(1.7 |
) |
|
|
(2.1 |
) |
|
|
(2.3 |
) |
In-process
research and development
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
0.6 |
|
|
|
– |
|
Prior
years’ items
|
|
|
0.3 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
0.9 |
|
Export
sales benefit
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
(0.3 |
) |
State
taxes
|
|
|
3.9 |
|
|
|
4.8 |
|
|
|
5.0 |
|
Deduction
for qualified production activities
|
|
|
(1.2 |
) |
|
|
(1.2 |
) |
|
|
(0.7 |
) |
Tax-exempt
investment income
|
|
|
(0.1 |
) |
|
|
(0.2 |
) |
|
|
(0.2 |
) |
Other
|
|
|
0.7 |
|
|
|
0.5 |
|
|
|
0.5 |
|
Effective
tax rate
|
|
|
36.9
|
% |
|
|
37.4
|
% |
|
|
37.9
|
% |
Prior
years’ items in 2008 include IRS audit adjustments related to research credits
and foreign royalty income. Prior years’ items in 2006 related to a
decrease in research credits resulting from new income tax regulations issued by
the U.S. Department of Treasury in 2006.
The
components of deferred taxes consisted of the following at December 31 (in millions):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Deferred
tax liabilities:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Depreciation
|
|
$ |
(241 |
) |
|
$ |
(147 |
) |
Unrealized
gain on securities available-for-sale
|
|
|
(84 |
) |
|
|
(136 |
) |
Intangibles—Roche
transaction
|
|
|
(34 |
) |
|
|
(75 |
) |
Other
intangible assets
|
|
|
(325 |
) |
|
|
(361 |
) |
Other
|
|
|
(33 |
) |
|
|
(14 |
) |
Total
deferred tax liabilities
|
|
|
(717 |
) |
|
|
(733 |
) |
Deferred
tax assets:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capitalized
R&D costs
|
|
|
8 |
|
|
|
11 |
|
State
income taxes
|
|
|
51 |
|
|
|
– |
|
Employee
stock-based compensation costs
|
|
|
291 |
|
|
|
217 |
|
Expenses
not currently deductible
|
|
|
419 |
|
|
|
598 |
|
Deferred
revenue
|
|
|
208 |
|
|
|
195 |
|
Investment
basis difference
|
|
|
217 |
|
|
|
204 |
|
Net
operating loss carryforwards
|
|
|
13 |
|
|
|
33 |
|
Other
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
5 |
|
Total
deferred tax assets
|
|
|
1,207 |
|
|
|
1,263 |
|
Total
net deferred tax assets
|
|
$ |
490 |
|
|
$ |
530 |
|
Net
operating loss carryforwards related to the Tanox acquisition of $36 million
expire in the years 2023 through 2025.
We
file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and
local and foreign jurisdictions. With few exceptions, we are no longer subject
to U.S. federal, state and local, or foreign income tax examinations by tax
authorities for the years before 2002. The IRS has concluded the examination of
our U.S. income tax returns for 2002 through 2004. We have agreed to certain
adjustments related to R&D credits and foreign licensing income for which
all related tax and interest was paid to the IRS in the fourth quarter of 2008.
We will appeal one proposed adjustment related to R&D credits in the first
quarter of 2009. The IRS may also adjust R&D credits for 2002 through 2004
for the flow-through effects of the IRS’ separate examinations of Roche’s
R&D credits. The IRS is scheduled to begin the examination of our U.S.
income tax returns for 2005 through 2007 in the first quarter of 2009. Our
income tax filings are also currently under examination by several state
jurisdictions and one foreign jurisdiction. As of December 31, 2008, no material
adjustments had been proposed. We believe that we have adequately provided for
reasonably foreseeable outcomes related to tax audits, appeals, and flow-through
effects of changes in Roche’s R&D credits and that any settlements will not
have material adverse effects on our consolidated financial position or results
of operations. However, there can be no assurances as to possible
outcomes.
We
adopted the provisions of FIN 48 on January 1, 2007. As a result of the
implementation of FIN 48, we reclassified $147 million of unrecognized tax
benefits from current liabilities to long-term liabilities as of December 31,
2006. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax
benefits is as follows (in millions):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Balance
at beginning of year
|
|
$ |
153 |
|
|
$ |
147 |
|
Additions
based on tax positions related to the current year
|
|
|
9 |
|
|
|
1 |
|
Additions
for tax positions of prior years
|
|
|
62 |
|
|
|
5 |
|
Reductions
for tax positions of prior years
|
|
|
(13 |
) |
|
|
– |
|
Settlements
|
|
|
(75 |
) |
|
|
– |
|
Balance
at end of year
|
|
$ |
136 |
|
|
$ |
153 |
|
The
total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would favorably
affect our effective income tax rate in a future period was $116 million as of
December 31, 2008 and $127 million as of December 31, 2007. We accrue
tax-related interest and penalties and include such expenses with income tax
expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income. We recognized approximately
$14 million and $8 million in tax-related interest expense and penalties during
2008 and 2007, respectively, and had approximately $22 million and $18 million
of tax-related interest and penalties accrued at December 31, 2008 and 2007,
respectively. Interest amounts are net of tax benefit.
Note
14.
|
SEGMENT,
SIGNIFICANT CUSTOMER AND GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION
|
Our
chief operating decision-makers (CODMs) are our executive management with the
oversight of our Board of Directors. Our CODMs review our operating results and
operating plans, and make resource allocation decisions on a company-wide or
aggregate basis. Accordingly, we operate as one segment.
Information
about our product sales, major customers, and material foreign sources of
revenue is as follows (in
millions):
Product Sales
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net
U.S. Product Sales
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Avastin
|
|
$ |
2,686 |
|
|
$ |
2,296 |
|
|
$ |
1,746 |
|
Rituxan
|
|
|
2,587 |
|
|
|
2,285 |
|
|
|
2,071 |
|
Herceptin
|
|
|
1,382 |
|
|
|
1,287 |
|
|
|
1,234 |
|
Lucentis
|
|
|
875 |
|
|
|
815 |
|
|
|
380 |
|
Xolair
|
|
|
517 |
|
|
|
472 |
|
|
|
425 |
|
Tarceva
|
|
|
457 |
|
|
|
417 |
|
|
|
402 |
|
Nutropin
products
|
|
|
358 |
|
|
|
371 |
|
|
|
378 |
|
Thrombolytics
|
|
|
275 |
|
|
|
268 |
|
|
|
243 |
|
Pulmozyme
|
|
|
257 |
|
|
|
223 |
|
|
|
199 |
|
Raptiva
|
|
|
108 |
|
|
|
107 |
|
|
|
90 |
|
Total
net U.S. product sales
|
|
$ |
9,503 |
|
|
|
8,540 |
|
|
|
7,169 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net
Product Sales to Collaborators
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Avastin
|
|
$ |
222 |
|
|
$ |
157 |
|
|
$ |
107 |
|
Rituxan
|
|
|
264 |
|
|
|
230 |
|
|
|
181 |
|
Herceptin
|
|
|
437 |
|
|
|
417 |
|
|
|
96 |
|
Lucentis
|
|
|
12 |
|
|
|
10 |
|
|
|
1 |
|
Xolair
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
4 |
|
Nutropin
products
|
|
|
17 |
|
|
|
12 |
|
|
|
8 |
|
Thrombolytics
|
|
|
11 |
|
|
|
20 |
|
|
|
16 |
|
Pulmozyme
|
|
|
48 |
|
|
|
43 |
|
|
|
45 |
|
Raptiva
|
|
|
17 |
|
|
|
12 |
|
|
|
14 |
|
Total
net product sales to collaborators
|
|
|
1,028 |
|
|
|
903 |
|
|
|
471 |
|
Total
net product sales
|
|
$ |
10,531 |
|
|
$ |
9,443 |
|
|
$ |
7,640 |
|
________________________
The
totals shown above may not appear to sum due to rounding.
Three
of our major customers—AmerisourceBergen Corporation, McKesson Corporation, and
Cardinal Health, Inc.—which are all national wholesale distributors of all of
our major product lines, each contributed 10% or more of our U.S. product sales
in each of the last three years, as presented in the following
table.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
AmerisourceBergen
Corporation
|
|
|
49
|
% |
|
|
55
|
% |
|
|
50
|
% |
McKesson
Corporation
|
|
|
23
|
% |
|
|
17
|
% |
|
|
17
|
% |
Cardinal
Health, Inc.
|
|
|
14
|
% |
|
|
13
|
% |
|
|
18
|
% |
The
combined gross accounts receivable balance for our three major customers was
$804 million as of December 31, 2008, $773 million as of December 31, 2007, and
$778 million as of December 31, 2006.
We
currently sell primarily to distributors and healthcare companies throughout the
U.S. under credit terms based on an assessment of each customers’ financial
condition. Trade credit terms are generally offered without collateral and may
include a discount for prompt-payment for specific customers. To manage our
credit exposure, we perform ongoing evaluations of our customers’ financial
condition and also participate in third-party contracts to reduce the risk of
financial loss. In 2008, 2007, and 2006, we did not record any material
additions to, or losses against, our allowance for bad debts.
Net
foreign revenue, consisting of sales to collaborators, royalty revenue, and
contract revenue, was as follows (in millions):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Switzerland
|
|
$ |
1,129 |
|
|
$ |
983 |
|
|
$ |
561 |
|
Other
foreign countries
|
|
|
2,241 |
|
|
|
1,327 |
|
|
|
885 |
|
Total
net foreign revenue
|
|
$ |
3,370 |
|
|
$ |
2,310 |
|
|
$ |
1,446 |
|
Net
property, plant and equipment by country was as follows (in millions):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
United
States
|
|
$ |
4,959 |
|
|
$ |
4,753 |
|
|
$ |
4,153 |
|
Singapore
|
|
|
442 |
|
|
|
233 |
|
|
|
20 |
|
United
Kingdom
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
– |
|
|
|
– |
|
Total
property, plant, and equipment, net
|
|
$ |
5,404 |
|
|
$ |
4,986 |
|
|
$ |
4,173 |
|
QUARTERLY
FINANCIAL DATA (unaudited)
(In
millions, except per share amounts)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
operating revenue
|
|
$ |
3,707 |
|
|
$ |
3,412 |
|
|
$ |
3,236 |
|
|
$ |
3,063 |
|
Product
sales
|
|
|
2,981 |
|
|
|
2,634 |
|
|
|
2,536 |
|
|
|
2,379 |
|
Gross
margin from product sales
|
|
|
2,478 |
|
|
|
2,225 |
|
|
|
2,095 |
|
|
|
1,990 |
|
Net
income
|
|
|
931 |
|
|
|
731 |
|
|
|
782 |
|
|
|
983 |
|
Earnings
per share:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Basic
|
|
|
0.88 |
|
|
|
0.69 |
|
|
|
0.74 |
|
|
|
0.93 |
|
Diluted
|
|
|
0.87 |
|
|
|
0.68 |
|
|
|
0.73 |
|
|
|
0.92 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
operating revenue
|
|
$ |
2,970 |
|
|
$ |
2,908 |
|
|
$ |
3,004 |
|
|
$ |
2,843 |
|
Product
sales
|
|
|
2,349 |
|
|
|
2,321 |
|
|
|
2,443 |
|
|
|
2,329 |
|
Gross
margin from product sales
|
|
|
2,005 |
|
|
|
1,915 |
|
|
|
2,014 |
|
|
|
1,937 |
|
Net
income
|
|
|
632 |
|
|
|
685 |
|
|
|
747 |
|
|
|
706 |
|
Earnings
per share:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Basic
|
|
|
0.60 |
|
|
|
0.65 |
|
|
|
0.71 |
|
|
|
0.67 |
|
Diluted
|
|
|
0.59 |
|
|
|
0.64 |
|
|
|
0.70 |
|
|
|
0.66 |
|
________________________
(1)
|
The
2008 and 2007 amounts were computed independently for each quarter, and
the sum of the quarters may not total the annual
amounts.
|
Item
9.
|
CHANGES
IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL
DISCLOSURE
|
Not
applicable.
Item
9A.
|
CONTROLS
AND PROCEDURES
|
(a) Evaluation of Disclosure Controls
and Procedures: Our principal executive and financial officers
reviewed and evaluated our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in
Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(e)) as of the end of the period covered by this Form
10-K. Based on that evaluation, our principal executive and financial officers
concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective in timely
providing them with material information related to Genentech, as required to be
disclosed in the reports we file under the Exchange Act.
(b) Management’s Annual Report on
Internal Control Over Financial Reporting: Our management is
responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over our
financial reporting. Management assessed the effectiveness of our internal
control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008. In making this
assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of
Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated
Framework. Based on the assessment using those criteria, management
concluded that, as of December 31, 2008, our internal control over financial
reporting was effective. Our independent registered public accountants, Ernst
& Young LLP, audited the consolidated financial statements included in this
Annual Report on Form 10-K and have issued an audit report on our internal
control over financial reporting. The report on the audit of internal control
over financial reporting appears below.
Report
of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The
Board of Directors and Stockholders of Genentech, Inc.
We
have audited Genentech, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of
December 31, 2008, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated
Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway
Commission (the COSO criteria). Genentech, Inc.’s management is responsible for
maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its
assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting
included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over
Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the
company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our
audit.
We
conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company
Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan
and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective
internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material
respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over
financial reporting, evaluating management’s assessment, testing and evaluating
the design and operating effectiveness of internal control, and performing such
other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe
that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A
company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to
provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting
and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance
with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over
financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to
the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly
reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2)
provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to
permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted
accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are
being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of
the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely
detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s
assets that could have a material effect on the financial
statements.
Because
of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not
prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of
effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become
inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance
with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In
our opinion, Genentech, Inc. maintained, in all material respects, effective
internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, based on the
COSO criteria.
We
also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company
Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of
Genentech, Inc. as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, and the related consolidated
statements of income, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three
years in the period ended December 31, 2008 and our report dated February 4,
2009 (except for the first paragraph of Note 3 and the thirteenth paragraph of
Note 10, as to which the date is February 9, 2009) expressed an unqualified
opinion thereon.
Palo
Alto, California
February
4, 2009
(c)
Changes in Internal Controls
over Financial Reporting: There were no changes in the Company’s internal
control over financial reporting that occurred during the Company’s last fiscal
quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially
affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Item
9B.
|
OTHER
INFORMATION
|
Not
applicable.
PART
III
Item
10.
|
DIRECTORS,
EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE
GOVERNANCE
|
(a)
The sections labeled “Nominees for Directors,” “Board Committees and Meetings,”
“Audit Committee Matters,” “Corporate Governance,” and “Section 16(a) Beneficial
Ownership Reporting Compliance” of our Proxy Statement in connection with the
2009 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated herein by
reference.
(b)
Information concerning our executive officers is set forth in Part I of this
Form 10-K.
Item
11.
|
EXECUTIVE
COMPENSATION
|
The
sections labeled “2008 Director Compensation,” “Compensation Discussion and
Analysis,” “Compensation of Named Executive Officers,” “Summary Compensation
Table for 2008,” “Grants of Plan Based Awards in 2008,” “Outstanding Equity
Awards at Fiscal Year End,” “Option Exercises and Stock Vested,” “Non-Qualified
Deferred Compensation for 2008,” and “Compensation Committee Interlocks and
Insider Participation” of our Proxy Statement in connection with the 2009 Annual
Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated herein by reference.
Item
12.
|
SECURITY
OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED
STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
|
The
sections labeled “Relationship with Roche,” “Equity Compensation Plan
Information” and “Beneficial Ownership of Principal Stockholders, Directors and
Management” of our Proxy Statement in connection with the 2009 Annual Meeting of
Stockholders are incorporated herein by reference.
Item
13.
|
CERTAIN
RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR
INDEPENDENCE
|
The
sections labeled “Relationship with Roche,” “Certain Relationships and Related
Person Transactions” and “Director Independence” of our Proxy Statement in
connection with the 2009 Annual Meeting of Stockholders is incorporated herein
by reference.
Item
14.
|
PRINCIPAL
ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
|
The
section labeled “Audit Committee Matters” and “Principal Accounting Fees and
Services” of our Proxy Statement in connection with the 2009 Annual Meeting of
Stockholders is incorporated herein by reference.
PART
IV
Item
15.
|
EXHIBITS
AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
|
(a) The
following documents are included as part of this Annual Report on Form
10-K.
1.
Index to Financial Statements
Report
of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Consolidated
Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007, and
2006
Consolidated
Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007, and
2006
Consolidated
Balance Sheets at December 31, 2008 and 2007
Consolidated
Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the year ended December 31, 2008, 2007,
and 2006
Notes
to Consolidated Financial Statements
Quarterly
Financial Data (unaudited)
2.
Financial Statement Schedule
The
following schedule is filed as part of this Form 10-K:
Schedule
II–Valuation and Qualifying Accounts for the years ended December 31, 2008,
2007, and 2006.
All
other schedules are omitted as the information required is inapplicable or the
information is presented in the consolidated financial statements or the related
notes.
3.
Exhibits
The
documents set forth below are filed herewith or incorporated by reference to the
location indicated.
|
|
|
3.1
|
Amended
and Restated Certificate of Incorporation
|
Filed
as an exhibit to our Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the U. S.
Securities and Exchange Commission (Commission) on July 28, 1999 and
incorporated herein by reference.
|
3.2
|
Certificate
of Amendment of Amended and Restated Certificate of
Incorporation
|
Filed
as an exhibit to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended
December 31, 2000 filed with
the Commission and incorporated herein by
reference.
|
3.3
|
Certificate
of Amendment of Amended and Restated Certificate of
Incorporation
|
Filed
as an exhibit to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended
June 30, 2001 filed with the Commission and incorporated herein by
reference.
|
3.4
|
Certificate
of Third Amendment of Amended and Restated Certificate of
Incorporation
|
Filed
as an exhibit to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended
June 30, 2004 filed with the Commission and incorporated herein by
reference.
|
3.5
|
Bylaws
|
Filed
as an exhibit to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended
December 31, 2005 filed with
the Commission and incorporated herein by
reference.
|
4.1
|
Indenture,
dated as of July 18, 2005, between the Company and Bank of New York,
as trustee
|
Filed
on a Current Report on Form 8-K with the Commission on July 19, 2005 and
incorporated herein by reference.
|
4.2
|
Officers’
Certificate of Genentech, Inc. dated July 18, 2005, including forms
of the Company’s 4.40% Senior Notes due 2010, 4.75 Senior Notes due 2015
and 5.25% Senior Notes due 2035
|
Filed
on a Current Report on Form 8-K with the Commission on July 19, 2005 and
incorporated herein by reference.
|
4.3
|
Form
of 4.40% Senior Note due 2010
|
Filed
on a Current Report on Form 8-K with the Commission on July 19, 2005 and
incorporated herein by reference.
|
4.4
|
Form
of 4.75% Senior Note due 2015
|
Filed
on a Current Report on Form 8-K with the Commission on July 19, 2005 and
incorporated herein by reference.
|
4.5
|
Form
of 5.25% Senior Note due 2035
|
Filed
on a Current Report on Form 8-K with the Commission on July 19, 2005 and
incorporated herein by reference.
|
10.1
|
Form
of Affiliation Agreement, dated as of July 22, 1999, between Genentech and
Roche Holdings, Inc.
|
Filed
as an exhibit to Amendment No. 3 to our Registration Statement (No.
333-80601) on Form S-3 filed with the Commission on July 16, 1999 and
incorporated herein by reference.
|
10.2
|
Amendment
No. 1, dated October 22, 1999, to Affiliation Agreement between Genentech
and Roche Holdings, Inc.
|
Filed
as an exhibit to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended
December 31, 1999 filed with the Commission and incorporated herein by
reference.
|
10.3
|
Form
of Amended and Restated Agreement, restated as of July 1, 1999, between
Genentech and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd regarding Commercialization of
Genentech’s Products outside the United States
|
Filed
as an exhibit to Amendment No. 3 to our Registration Statement (No.
333-80601) on Form S-3 filed with the Commission on July 16, 1999 and
incorporated herein by reference.
|
10.4
|
Amendment
dated March 10, 2000, to Amended and Restated Agreement between Genentech
and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd regarding Commercialization of Genentech’s
Products outside the United States
|
Filed
as an exhibit to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended
June 30, 2004 filed with the Commission and incorporated herein by
reference.
|
10.5
|
Amendment
dated June 26, 2000, to Amended and Restated Agreement between Genentech
and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd regarding Commercialization of Genentech’s
Products outside the United States
|
Filed
as an exhibit to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended
June 30, 2004 filed with the Commission and incorporated herein by
reference.
|
10.6
|
Third
Amendment dated April 30, 2004, to Amended and Restated Agreement between
Genentech and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd regarding Commercialization of
Genentech’s Products outside the United States
|
Filed
as an exhibit to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended
June 30, 2004 filed with the Commission and incorporated herein by
reference.
|
10.7
|
Form
of Tax Sharing Agreement, dated as of July 22, 1999, between Genentech,
Inc. and Roche Holdings, Inc.
|
Filed
as an exhibit to Amendment No. 3 to our Registration Statement (No.
333-80601) on Form S-3 filed with the Commission on July 16, 1999 and
incorporated herein by reference.
|
10.8
|
Collaborative
Agreement, dated April 13, 2004, among Genentech, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd
and Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.
|
Filed
as an exhibit to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended
June 30, 2004 filed with the Commission and incorporated herein by
reference.
|
10.9
|
Genentech,
Inc. Tax Reduction Investment Plan, as amended and restated
†
|
Filed
herewith
|
10.10
|
Genentech,
Inc. 1990 Stock Option/Stock Incentive Plan, as amended effective October
16, 1996 †
|
Filed
as an exhibit to our Registration Statement (No. 333-83157) on Form S-8
filed with the Commission on July 19, 1999 and incorporated herein by
reference.
|
10.11
|
Genentech,
Inc. 1994 Stock Option Plan, as amended effective October 16, 1996
†
|
Filed
as an exhibit to our Registration Statement (No. 333-83157) on Form S-8
filed with the Commission on July 19, 1999 and incorporated herein by
reference.
|
10.12
|
Genentech,
Inc. 1999 Stock Plan, as amended and restated as of February 13, 2003
†
|
Filed
as an exhibit to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended
March 31, 2003 filed with the Commission and incorporated herein by
reference.
|
10.13
|
Genentech,
Inc. 1999 Stock Plan, Form of Stock Option Agreement †
|
Filed
as an exhibit to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended
September 30, 2004 filed with the Commission and incorporated herein by
reference.
|
10.14
|
Genentech,
Inc. 1999 Stock Plan, Form of Stock Option Agreement (Director Version)
†
|
Filed
as an exhibit to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended
September 30, 2004 filed with the Commission and incorporated herein by
reference.
|
10.15
|
Genentech,
Inc. 2004 Equity Incentive Plan †
|
Filed
as an exhibit to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended
March 31, 2004 filed with the Commission and incorporated herein by
reference.
|
10.16
|
Form
of Genentech, Inc. 2004 Equity Incentive Plan Nonqualified Stock Option
Grant Agreement (Employee Version) †
|
Filed
as an exhibit to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended
December 31, 2007 filed with the Commission and incorporated herein by
reference.
|
10.17
|
Form
of Genentech, Inc. 2004 Equity Incentive Plan Nonqualified Stock Option
Grant Agreement (Director Version) †
|
Filed
on a Current Report on Form 8-K with the Commission on September 26, 2006,
and incorporated herein by reference.
|
10.18
|
Genentech,
Inc. Supplemental Plan †
|
Filed
on a Current Report on Form 8-K with the Commission on February 24, 2005
and incorporated herein by reference.
|
10.19
|
Amendment
No. 1 to the Genentech, Inc. Supplemental Plan
|
Filed
herewith
|
10.20
|
Amendment
No. 2 to the Genentech, Inc. Supplemental Plan
|
Filed
herewith
|
10.21
|
Amendment
No. 3 to the Genentech, Inc. Supplemental Plan
|
Filed
herewith
|
10.22
|
Genentech,
Inc. 1991 Employee Stock Plan, as amended
|
Filed
as an exhibit to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended
June 30, 2008, filed with the Commission on August 5, 2008, and
incorporated herein by reference.
|
10.23
|
Bonus
Program †
|
Incorporated
by reference to the description under “Bonus Program” in the Current
Report on Form 8-K filed with the Commission on February 19,
2009.
|
10.24
|
Form
of Indemnification Agreement for Directors and Officers †
|
Filed
as an exhibit to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended
March 31, 2005 filed with the Commission and incorporated herein by
reference.
|
10.25
|
Genentech,
Inc. Executive Retention Plan
|
Filed
on a Current Report on Form 8-K with the Commission on August 21, 2008,
and incorporated herein by reference.
|
10.26
|
Genentech,
Inc. Executive Severance Plan
|
Filed
on a Current Report on Form 8-K with the Commission on August 21, 2008,
and incorporated herein by reference.
|
10.27
|
Master
Lease Agreement dated as of November 1, 2004, between Genentech and Slough
SSF, LLC
|
Filed
as an exhibit to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended
December 31, 2004 filed with the Commission and incorporated herein by
reference.
|
10.28
|
First
Amendment to Master Lease Agreement and First Amendment to Building Leases
between Genentech and Slough SSF, LLC, dated October 2,
2006
|
Filed
as an exhibit to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended
December 31, 2006 filed with the Commission and incorporated herein by
reference.
|
10.29
|
Second
Amendment to Master Lease Agreement between Genentech and HCP SSF, LLC
(formerly Slough SSF, LLC) dated April 8, 2008
|
Filed
as an exhibit to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended
June 30, 2008, filed with the Commission on August 5, 2008, and
incorporated herein by reference.
|
10.30
|
Amended
and Restated Collaboration Agreement between Genentech, Inc. and Idec
Pharmaceuticals Corporation dated as of June 19,
2003 *
|
Filed
as an exhibit to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended
June 30, 2006, filed with the Commission on August 3, 2006, and
incorporated herein by reference.
|
10.31
|
Letter
Amendment dated as of August 21, 2003, to the Amended and Restated
Collaboration Agreement between Genentech, Inc. and Idec Pharmaceuticals
Corporation
|
Filed
as an exhibit to our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended
June 30, 2006, filed with the Commission on August 3, 2006, and
incorporated herein by reference.
|
10.32
|
Agreement
and Plan of Merger by and among Genentech, Inc., Green Acquisition
Corporation and Tanox, Inc., dated as of November 9, 2006
|
Filed
as an exhibit to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended
December 31, 2006 filed with the Commission and incorporated herein by
reference.
|
10.33
|
Form
of Voting Agreement between Genentech, Inc. and Certain Stockholders of
Tanox, Inc.
|
Filed
as an exhibit to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended
December 31, 2006 filed with the Commission and incorporated herein by
reference.
|
23.1
|
Consent
of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
|
Filed
herewith
|
24.1
|
Power
of Attorney
|
Reference
is made to the signature page.
|
28.1
|
Description
of the Company’s capital stock
|
Incorporated
by reference to the description under the heading “Description of Capital
Stock” relating to our Common Stock in the prospectus included in our
Amendment No. 2 to the Registration Statement on Form S-3 (No. 333-88651)
filed with the Commission on October 20, 1999, and the description under
the heading “Description of Capital Stock” relating to the Common Stock in
our final prospectus filed with the Commission on October 21, 1999
pursuant to Rule 424(b)(1) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended,
including any amendment or report filed for the purpose of updating that
description.
|
31.1
|
Certification
of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a)
promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as
amended
|
Filed
herewith
|
31.2
|
Certification
of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a)
promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as
amended
|
Filed
herewith
|
32.1
|
Certifications
of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18
U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
|
Furnished
herewith
|
________________________
* Pursuant
to a request for confidential treatment, portions of this Exhibit have been
redacted from the publicly filed document and have been furnished separately to
the Securities and Exchange Commission as required by Rule 24b-2 under the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
† Indicates a management contract
or compensatory plan or arrangement.
SIGNATURES
Pursuant
to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of
1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by
the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
|
|
|
GENENTECH,
INC.
Registrant
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Date:
|
February
19, 2009
|
|
By:
|
|
|
|
|
|
Robert
E. Andreatta
|
|
|
|
|
Vice
President, Controller and
Chief
Accounting Officer
|
POWER
OF ATTORNEY
KNOW
ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below
constitutes and appoints David A. Ebersman, Executive Vice President and Chief
Financial Officer, and Robert E. Andreatta, Vice President, Controller and Chief
Accounting Officer, and each of them, his or her true and lawful
attorneys-in-fact and agents, with the full power of substitution and
resubstitution, for him or her and in his or her name, place and stead, in any
and all capacities, to sign any amendments to this report, and to file the same,
with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the
Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto each said attorney-in-fact and
agent full power and authority to do and perform each and every act in person,
hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorney-in-fact and agent, or
either of them, or their or his or her substitute or substitutes, may lawfully
do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant
to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been
signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the
capacities and on the dates indicated:
Signature
|
|
Title
|
|
Date
|
|
|
|
|
|
Principal
Executive Officer:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/
ARTHUR D. LEVINSON
|
|
Chairman
and Chief Executive Officer
|
|
February
19, 2009
|
Arthur
D. Levinson
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Principal
Financial Officer:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/
DAVID A. EBERSMAN
|
|
Executive
Vice President and
|
|
February
19, 2009
|
David
A. Ebersman
|
|
Chief
Financial Officer
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Principal
Accounting Officer:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/
ROBERT E. ANDREATTA
|
|
Vice
President, Controller and
|
|
February
19, 2009
|
Robert
E. Andreatta
|
|
Chief
Accounting Officer
|
|
|
Signature
|
|
Title
|
|
Date
|
|
|
|
|
|
Directors:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/
HERBERT W. BOYER
|
|
Director
|
|
February
19, 2009
|
Herbert
W. Boyer
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/
WILLIAM M. BURNS
|
|
Director
|
|
February
19, 2009
|
William
M. Burns
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/
ERICH HUNZIKER
|
|
Director
|
|
February
19, 2009
|
Erich
Hunziker
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/
JONATHAN K.C. KNOWLES
|
|
Director
|
|
February
19, 2009
|
Jonathan
K.C. Knowles
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
/s/
DEBRA L. REED
|
|
Director
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February
19, 2009
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Debra
L. Reed
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/s/
CHARLES A. SANDERS
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Director
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February
19, 2009
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Charles
A. Sanders
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SCHEDULE
II
GENENTECH,
INC.
VALUATION
AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
Years
Ended December 31, 2008, 2007, and 2006
(In
millions)
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Balance
at
Beginning
of
Period
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Addition
Charged
to
Cost
Expenses,
and Revenue(1)
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Accounts
receivable allowances:
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Year
ended December 31, 2008:
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$ |
116 |
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$ |
612 |
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$ |
(571 |
) |
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$ |
157 |
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Year
ended December 31, 2007:
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$ |
92 |
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$ |
521 |
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$ |
(497 |
) |
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$ |
116 |
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Year
ended December 31, 2006:
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$ |
84 |
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$ |
415 |
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$ |
(407 |
) |
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$ |
92 |
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Inventory
reserves:
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Year
ended December 31, 2008:
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$ |
62 |
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$ |
80 |
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$ |
(52 |
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$ |
90 |
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Year
ended December 31, 2007:
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$ |
71 |
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$ |
41 |
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$ |
(50 |
) |
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$ |
62 |
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Year
ended December 31, 2006:
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$ |
57 |
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$ |
50 |
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$ |
(36 |
) |
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$ |
71 |
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Rebate
accruals:
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Year
ended December 31, 2008:
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$ |
60 |
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$ |
180 |
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$ |
(163 |
) |
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$ |
77 |
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Year
ended December 31, 2007:
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$ |
47 |
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$ |
144 |
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$ |
(131 |
) |
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$ |
60 |
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Year
ended December 31, 2006:
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$ |
38 |
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$ |
113 |
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$ |
(104 |
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$ |
47 |
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________________________
(1)
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Additions
to rebate accruals are netted against the related
revenue.
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(2)
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Represents
amounts written off or returned against the allowance or reserves, or
returned against earnings.
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